MASCOT. 



MANLII. 



-who would lead them Into all truth," the Manich*an* maintained 

 that this promise was fulfilled in UM person of Mani. who was sent 

 by th* COdof light to declare to all men the doctrine of salvation, 

 without ~ <-; aay of its truths under the veil of metaphor, or 

 iT-r*T aay other oovcring. Mani also teught that those souls which 

 obeyed the law* delivered by Christ, at explained by himself the 

 Comforter, sad struggled Sfainst the lusts and appetites of a corrupt 

 attar*, would, OB their death, be delivered from their sinful bodies, 

 aad, after twin* purified by the ran and moon, would ascend to the 

 of light; but that those souls which neglected to struggl- 

 upt nature* would pass after death into the bodies of 

 > being*, until they had expiated their guilt. Their 

 in the evil of matter led them to deny the doctrine of tho 

 Mani rejected the authority of the Old Testament, which 

 he said was the word of the god of darkness, whom the Jews had 

 worshipped in the place of the god of light He aswted that the 

 books of the New Testament had been grossly interpolated, and that 

 they war* not all written by the persons whose names they bear. Tho 

 doctrines of the srct were contained in four works, said to have been 

 written by Maul himself, which were entitled respectively 'Mysteries,' 

 Chapters,' ' Gospel,' and ' Treasury ; ' but we know little or nothing 

 of their contents. 



in UM second volume of his 'History of the Popes,' has 

 to prove that the Manicluoans were addicted to immoral 

 |WW .., but this opinion has been ably controverted by Beansobre 

 and Lardnar, who have shown that they were, on the contrary, 

 i and austere in their mode of life. 



divide i into two classes, one of which 

 and the other ' Hearer*.' The former were 

 bouad to abstain from animal food, wine, and all sensual enjoyments ; 

 the latter wra considered as imperfect and feeble Christians, and were 

 not obUjwl to submit to such a severe mode of life. The ecclesiastical 

 coastHaUon of tie u.ikt.. consisted of twelve apostles and a 

 president, who represented Christ ; of seventy-two bishops, who also 

 lentsosuted UM seventy-two disciples of Christ; and of presbyters 

 sad dsaeoaa, as in th* Catholic Church. 



Th* Msniphsssns never appear to have been very numerous, but 

 they were spread over almost all parts of the Christian world. Nume- 

 rous tiestlese were written against then, the most important of which 

 were by Eoscbios of CsBsaroa, Eosebius of Emesa, Serapion of Thumis, 

 Athuuuiu* of Alexandria, George and Apollinarius of Laodioea, and 

 Titos of Boetra. Much valuable information concerning this sect may 

 be tetrad in the writings of Augustine, who was for nine yean a 

 asalotj* supporter of th* Maniohssan doctrines. 



The Pmnlieiamt srs generally considered to be a branch of the 

 Msiinaass* sect, aad are supposed to have appeared first in the 7th 

 osatuiji in Armenia, and to have derived their name from 

 awaloa* preacher of the doctrines of Mani. 



la the 0ih osatary th* Manichnan doctrine* are said to have spread 

 very widely in Pertis. They continued to have supporters, under 

 their new name of PaoHoianUm, till a very late period in ecclesiastics 

 About UM middle of the 8lh century the Emperor Constan 



i Armenia a great number 



UM i*ruoer, woo oav 



exacdiiigty rigorous *n<: 



ThedJoipUs of Mani 



WM called the 'Elect' 



Paul, 



tine, sumsxoed CoproaymttS, 

 of PsaUciaaa to Threee, wh 



, where they continued to exist even after th< 

 captor* of CoasHaHnople by the Turks. In the llth and 12th oen 

 tori** UM doctrines of UM 1'aulieiana were introduced into Italy ant 

 Flame, aad met with considerable sueoses. 



MASILIL'.S, MARCUS or CAIUS (whose name is sometimes 

 it Msnlius), a Latin poet, who wrote a work on 

 Astrooomioon,' in five books. We possess no par 

 bis lib, but th* opinion of Ilentley seems the most 

 preasble, that he WM bom in Asia, and lived in the time of Augustus 

 Casatr. Some writer* suppose Manilius to be the same penon as the 

 MaaiUos or MaaUus of Autiocb, the astrologer, mentioned by Pliny 

 .. xxxv. 17i, and others the same as Manilas the msthetu 



attotwd by Pliny (xxxvi. 16, s. ) ; but the only reason for 

 him innlHi la UM similarity of th* name*. The -Astro- 

 ' doe* Dot appear to be oomplrte. The five books which are 

 treat principally of the fixed stem ; bnt the poet promises in 

 parts of bis work to give sa account of the planets. The 

 ' contain* several passages which are not unworthy to 

 with some of th* best writings of the Augustan age ; 

 the author little opportunity for the exercise of 

 It appears from many parts of the work that 

 a dbtrvBt of th* Stole philosophy. A manu- 

 Mriptof UM'Astraaonioon 'was ftnt disoovered by Poggio in 1416, 

 aasl H was ant printed at Number* 1472 or 1473. The best edition 

 i* that by BeoUey, Load , 1739. It ha* been translated into English 

 veree by Crsoob, LoooV, 1700 



M A NIX. DANIKLK, a di^oriisbed Italian politician and patriot, 

 wa.bcrt.tt V*atoe In 1*04, th* son of PUtro Manin, a respectable 

 advocate. Hi* graad&tber. Lodovieo Mania, bore the same name as 

 th* bat dest* *f Venice, who** wak behaviour at the time of the 

 "m of UM aocwot republic bv Bonaparte (1797) had attache,! 

 JUomlk to th* name. Youn* M.nin. who from th* first 

 /Nat abilities, was brad up to bis father's prof. ..Jon of the 

 law. aad graduated as Dootor of Las at to* University of Padua 

 at a very **rly ay*. II* married in 1826, and shortly afterward* com- 



menced practice as a lawyer at Mestre, a small town near Venice, 

 fere he led a quiet domestic life, employing his leisure in hi*t>rical 

 and legsl studies, and occasionally in writings of a kindred character, 

 ''roin the first however he shared fervently in the general discontent 

 of his countrymen with Austrian rule, and the general aspiration after 

 restored liberty and independence for Venice, Though not affiliated 

 to any of the revolutionary societies then existing in Italy, he often 

 liscussed with several intimate friends especially Alexandra Zanetti, 

 jeopold Cioognara, Qiovanni Minotto, and Francesco degli Antoni 

 he wrongs of his native country, and the possibility of remedying 

 hem by insurrection or other means. Oace or twice as during the 

 imo of the excitement caused by the afiVir of the brothers 1! mdiera 

 n 1844 these secret communing* were on the point of bursting out 

 into open action ; but, on the whole, it was felt by the friend* that 

 no movement was practicable, and Manin continued in the ordinary 

 exercise of his profession, varying it by occasional contributions on 

 iconoinioal topics to journal*. As a speaker, he was distinguished for a 

 logical, direct, positive and incisive manner, different from the ordinary 

 eloquence of his countrymen. As on several important public trials 

 lie acted a vigorous part on the liberal side, he came into collision 

 with the Austrian government; and in the early part of 1848 he was 

 imprisoned. But this year wai to witness a change in hU fortunes, 

 an 1 ill those of Italy. On the 18th of March the spirit of insurrection 

 with which the whole peninsula was charged broke forth in Mil in ; 

 the news of the expulsion of the Austrian* from Milan acted imme- 

 diately on Venice, and on the 23rd of March the Austrian commander 

 of the city, Count Zichy, was obliged to surrender, and the republic 

 was declared. It was at this time that Manin stepped forth as a man 

 born to lead. The progress of events was for a time complex the 

 fate of the Venetians being involved in that of the other Italians. 

 " What we preferred," Manin has since said, " w.ia to be an independent 

 republic, in confederation with the other Italian states ; but what we 

 would have accepted was, to become a portion of one great kingdom 

 comprising all Italy." 



The war of Charles-Albert, the king of Piedmont, against the 

 Austrian! in the name of Italy, as a whole seemed for awhile to give 

 likelihood to the latter expectation. The Venetians, willing to show 

 their trust in Charles-Albert, agreed to the fusion of their little 

 republic with Lombardy and Piedmont, so at to form a unite 1 inde- 

 pendent kingdom of Northern Italy. But the battle of Custoxa 

 having ended that dream and restored Lombardy to the Austrian 

 dominion, the Venetians again fell back upon their own resources and 

 prepared for a separate defence. The republican standard of St. Mark 

 was again hoisted; a triumvirate wa appointed to carry on the 

 executive government, Mauin being the chief of the three ; and the 

 military command was intrusted to the Neapolitan general Peptf, who 

 had thrown himself into Venice two mouths before, rather than 

 obey the order that he should return to Naples. Though the 

 Austrian.! kept up a blockade against Venice, it was not till March 

 1849, when the second attempt of Charles-Albert was brought to an 

 end by the defeat of Novara, and when the Austrians were thus free 

 to reconquer sll that still remained to be reconquered of their lost 

 territories in Italy, that the Venetians endured the full agony of the 

 struggle. By that time the patriotic movement had been completely 

 crushed in every part of Italy besides, with the exception of Uome. 

 The two republics of Uome and Venice were the sole remains of the 

 insurrectionary work of the previous year ; and against the one of 

 these the French wero mustering their power in conjunction with 

 the Austrians and Neapolitans, while the other was as-wiled by the 

 Austrians alone. Both republics behaved bravely. What Mazzini 

 was to Home, Manin was to Venice. From March 1849 ho was 

 invested with all the powers of the dictatorship. Tho defence of 

 Venice conducted by him is oue of the most gallant and obstinate in 

 recent history. It was on the 3rd of July that tho French out-red 

 Home; but Venice did not surrender till the 24th of August, after it 

 had suffered a dreadful bombardment. With the fall of Venice the 

 re-subjugation of Italy was complete. The U-rms of the surrender 

 were such that Manin was able to go safely into exile. He has since 

 resided chiefly in Paris, supporting himself honourably, respected by 

 all Kurope, and waiting for a new opportunity for the revival of 

 liberty in hi* native land. With Mazxini, he still adheres to the idea 

 of the unification of Italy (accompanied by the expulsion of tho 

 Austrians and the secularisation of the Papacy), as essential to the 

 causa of freedom and Italian development ; but he differs considerably 

 from Mazzini in his ideas as to the practical means of such a 

 unification. 



MA'NLII, the name of one of the most illustrious patrician yenfe* 

 of ancient Horn-. Those most worthy of notice are 



1. Mxncu.s MANLIUS CAPITUF.I.NIIS, who was consul B.C. 390 (Liv., 



| v. 81), and was the means of preserving the capitol when it was nearly 



taken by the Gauls (Liv., v. 47), from which he obtained the surname 



of Capitolinus, He afterwards became a warm supporter of the 



j popular party sgainst his own order, and particularly disting 



I himself by the liberality with which he sasiited thorn who were in 



I debt. He publicly sold one of his most valuable estates, and declared 



that as long as he had a single pound he would not allow any Roman 



to be carried into bondage for debt. In consequence of his opposition 



to the patrician order he was accused of aiming at the kingly power. 



