MANCZIO. ALDO. 



MAPES, WALTER. 



isufssaiia. h* atodM the srt at C'olmar, under the lucceeson of the 

 led Martin Sebdn, until the fame of Titian attracted him to 

 wixre about lill he became one of hi* pupils : he is the 

 rlio Tedeaeo of RidoU and other Italitn wiitcrs. He is said 

 to haw assisted Holbein, in 1515, in hi* ' Dacoe of Death ;' but this 

 I* \<rj ini-tolable, M be WM himself employed at that time in 

 painting the same subj,et in the cloister of the Dominican convent at 

 Ben. It WM executed in fmeo or dictemper. The picture consisted 

 of furtv-.ii .uoWcte, forty-one of which were the actual ' TodtenUnz;' 

 it ha* bean long ante* destroyed, but the compositions are preserved in 

 riate and eopis* : the wall on which it WM painted WM pulled down 

 1MO. Manuel WM an active reformer, and many of these dc signs are 

 upon the abuee* of the Roman church. He also ornamented 

 i no*** with a large fresco, representing Solomon worshipping 

 But of UMM and Mveral other of his works nothing now 

 t except soon small water-colour copies preserved in the 

 at BrneL However, either from his pencil not bringing him 



t for the maintenance of hi* family, or his political ardour, 

 he WM induced to engage himself in military and public affairs. He 

 i quartern i*t i r or commissary, among the Swiis allies who 

 Franei* L in his expedition against Milan, 1622, and was 

 both at the storming of Novsra and the battle of Bicocca. 

 In the sallowinc year be WM cboeeo landvogt of Erlach ; and from 

 Ik* yar 1M distinguished himself by his seal in the cause of the 

 stsfctmrtJDB. From this period he WM entirely devoted to that cause, 

 and to his various public employments. He died in 1530, when only 

 ferty-*ix yean of age. 



A* a writer be brgaa to distinguish himself in 1509, by various 

 popular poem* and songs in the Swiss dialect, full of humour and 

 sharp satire. His ' Fastnachtapiel*,' or 'Dramatic Moralities and 

 Mjateris*,' which he began to compose about 1522, are marked by 

 the same qualities, in which his polemical piecM in support of the 

 Reformation appear not to have been at all deficient 



(Dr. GruMietn, ,Vi*u Mamvtt, Ltbtn wild H'crie tinet Maltrt, 

 Didutrt, JTricHr*, Aewtasmwe*. MO! Riformalort, Stuttgart and 

 37 ; Nagler, Xaui Allftmtu** Killer- Lexicon.) 



<orn in 1447, at Baseiano in the Papal State, 

 at Rome and at Ferrara. He became intimate with Pico, 

 i of Mhamlola. and with Alberto Pio, lord of Carpi, with whose 

 *nce he established a pinting-prem at Venice. The art of 

 printing we* fint introduced into Italy from Germany by two Bene- 

 dictine monks, called Sweinbrim and Pannartz, who printed the 

 woik* of Lactantins in the monastery of Subisoo in 1465. This WM 

 the in* book printed in Italy. In 1469 two other Germans from 

 8f*}*r eetabU.bed printing- presass at Venice, and soon after the art 

 spread rapidly through Italy. The fint Greek book WM printed at 

 Milan, and the first Hebrew type* were used at Sondno near Cremona. 

 IfLA/J.. Jitni.n. . g^^j.^... ^.m.t,^j i printing-press at Venice 

 in 1471, which WM dutinguiabtd for the elegance of ite types. But 

 Aldo ilaonsio surpaserd all othi r printen of his time in the correct- 

 i of hi* book*. Being a man of learning M well M a printer, and 

 I an extraordinary aeal for hi* profession, be procured the most 

 Manuscript* from distant countries, and he established an 

 in hi* bouse, with the view of obtaining assistance in the 

 of hi* publications. Bembo and Navagero were 

 j the member* of that society. The fint publications of Aldo 

 appeared about 1490 : the fint with a date in 1494. In this year he 

 pubuthi d the poem of ' Hero and Leander ' hi Greek and Latin, and 

 siertiy after the Grammar of Lasoaria, and that of Gaza, with 

 Theocritus, and the works of Arutotle. He invented a new sort of type, 

 which WM light and resembled writing, called by the Italian. ' ooraivi,' 

 and known to other nations by the name of ' Italic.' In this type be 

 printed the Latin ehariea, A U*t of the Aldiue edition* WM published 

 at Padua m 1790 : ' Baric delle ediaioni AUine per ordine alfabttioo e 

 enoloalus;' and a .till more complete catalogue hu been since 

 tlimi< at Paris by Renouard : ' Anaales de 1'lmprimerie d. s Aides, 

 ou Hsttoire de* troi* Manuc** et de leun eVlition*/ 2 vola. 12mo, 

 UOt; a second edition of which, in 3 voU, WM published in 1826, 

 aid a third, much improved, in 1 voL 8vo, i'aria, 1684. It i* said 

 that the Grerk books of Aldus are less comet than bis Latin and 

 Italian prUta : but it must be recollected that his Greek books are 



of hie Greek book* very 



valuable at ptesent, M Wing lotsrably faithful tranacripta of manu- 

 serif* either now lost or not alwaj. acceesible. These editiooa, 

 iif i elilly wWn mpoa large paper, have often sold in modern times 



Aldo nsi|lilii in aevcral of hi* prefaces of the difficulties which 

 he eipericnord, and the intone* labour which he had to undergo in 

 M* profsrniaa. to which he devoted hi* whole life. H. died at Venice 

 to 1*14, with tho well merited reputation of being not only an 

 rateariator. but a goad scholar. He M the author of a Latin 



r, a Greek and Latin Dictionary (the first of its kind), 

 aadeevaral ether wutka, Hit son Paolo Manusfe suooeeded him ii! 

 the dlrerttot) of hie prinUnf setabtUement. Paolo WM a man of 

 a eritie. His principal works are : 1, 

 de Legibus,' foL, 1568; 2, <De 

 *, 'DeSeaata Romano;' 4, ' I>e Ciriute 



Romana ; ' beside* notes sad oommentariee on Cicero's Epistles and 

 Orations. 



MANZONI, ALKSSAXDRO, WM born In 1784, in the city of 

 Milan. His father, who WM a count, and possessed a moderate 

 property, died while Manzoni WM young. Ilia mother was a daughter 

 of Bocoaria, the author of the well-known treatise ' On Crimes and 

 Punishments.' Manzoni received a college-education first at Milan 

 and afterwards at Pavia. In 1803 he went to Paris with his mother, 

 and during his residence there became acquainted with several of 

 the leading literary men, and especially formed an intimate friend- 

 ship with M. Faunel, to whom he afterwards dedicated his tragedy of 

 1 II Conte di Oarmagnola.' He first attracted attention by a poi-in in 

 blank verse on the death of Carlo Imbonati (' In Morte di Carlo Imbo- 

 nati,' Paris, 1806), a relative, who died in Paris, and left the whole 

 of his property to Manzoni's mother. Manzoni returned to Italy in 

 1807, and in 1808 married Knrichctta Luijria Blondul, the daughter of 

 a banker of Geneva. In 1809 be published ' Urania, Puenietta.' 

 During his residence in Paris Manzoni had imbibed to some extent 

 the deistical opinions which were then prevalent in the French 

 metropolis. These notions however he renounced after his marriage, 

 and became a devout Roman Catholic, as did also his wife, who had 

 previously belonged to the Colvinistic protestant church. He made 

 known the change which bad taken place in his religious opinions 

 by the publication in 1810 of his 'Inni Sacri,' a scries of lyrical 

 poems on the Nativity, the Passion, the Resurrection, the Pentecost, 

 and the Virgin Mary. In 1820 he published his tragedy of Ml 

 Conte di Carmagnole,' In the construction of this tragedy he rejected 

 the rule of French tragedy which limited the action to one day and 

 one place ; and defended the opposite system which he had adopted 



in a long 'Lett re de M. Manzoui a XI. C , Bur 1'UuiU de 1\ nips 



et de Lieu.' In this letter, written iu French, the arguments are 

 presented with great skill and force. In 1823 he published his 

 tragedy of ' Adelchi.' The ' C*rmagnola ' has a chorus at the end of 

 the second act ; the ' Adelchi ' hu two of these lyrical compositions, 

 one at the end of the third act, and another in the middle of the 

 fourth. Both of the tragedies are accompanied by a series of inter- 

 esting historical notices (' Notizie Storiche '), relating to the events 

 and characters of the respective periods. After the death, of Napoleon, 

 May 5, 1821, Manzoni published an ode on the subject entitled ' 11 

 Cinque Maggio.' 



The work by which Manzoni has obtained a reputation throughout 

 Europe is his historical novel, 'I Promeni Sposi,' 3 vols., Milan, 1 -.7, 

 which lm been translated into English under tho titles of ' The 

 Betrothed ' snd ' The Betrothed Lover*.' He has not since produced 

 any other work of fiction. In 1S34 he published ' Osservozioni sulla 

 Morale Cattolica,' in reply to the remarks of SismonJi in the 127th 

 chapter of bis ' Histoire dee Ri'publiques Italiennes du Moyen Age.' 

 This work has been translated into English under the title of ' A 

 Vindication of Catholic Morality, or a Refutation of the Charges 

 brought against it by Sismondi in his History of the Italian Republics 

 of the Middle Age.-,' 12mo, London, 1836. In 1842 Manzoni pub- 

 lished the ' Storia della Colonna lufame,' which is an historical treatise 

 having reference to that portion of the ' Promeasi Sposi,' which 

 described the plague that occurred in Milau in 1630. Among tho 

 circumstances of that event WM a popular belief iu the propagation 

 of the dweate by persons who were supposed to have anointod tho 

 walls of the houses with a poison fatal to those who touched it. 

 Many persons accused of being ' uutori ' (auointen), were subjected 

 to torture in order to procure confessions and accusations ; and being 

 tried, were found guilty, and executed with circumstances of appalling 

 cruelty. The house of a barber of the name of Mora, the supposed 

 preparer of the poison, WM pulled down, and a column erected on 

 the site, which remained standing near the Via Ticiuense till 1778, 

 and WM called the Colonna Infame, or Column of Infamy, whence 

 the name given by Manzoui to his treatise. Manzoui's first wife died 

 in 1S33; he afterwards married again, and has continued to live iu 

 retirement with bis family at his villa of Brusano, near Milan. 



Maiizoni'a poetical works, including his two tragedies, though they 

 contain many pnw-ages of great beauty, are not of the very highest 

 ordt r ; but 1 i'romeui Sposi,' for skilful construction aud interest 

 of narrative, vividueu of description, aud discrimination and exhi- 

 bition of character, is entitled to take rank besido the beet of tho 

 historical novels of Sir Walter Scott. 



MAPKS, WALTER, or MAP, M he appears to have himself spelt 

 his name, one of the most eminent writers of the ivigu of liunry U., 

 WM a native of the Welsh marches, where he wa born, probably in 

 Herefordshire, towards tho middle of the 12th century. He studied at 

 the University of Paris, where he appears to have been soon after 

 1160. On his return to England he WM introduced to the court, and 

 beouneagreat favourite of the king, Henry II., who, according to 

 Mapee's friend, Giraldna Cambrrnsis, esteemed him alike for .his 

 learning and hi* courtly manner*. Henry sent him on a missio'n to 

 the court of Louis VII. of France, aud afterwards to attend a council 

 called by Pope Alexander III., at which Mapes WM directed to reply 

 to the deputies sent by the Waldenses. Henry also made him a canon 

 of the cathedral churches of St. Paul's and Salisbury, precentor of 

 Lincoln, and eventually archdeacon of Oxford, besides giving him the 

 living of Westbury in Gloucestershire and other ecclesiastical prefer- 



