93 



MARAT, JEAN PAUL. 



MARCELLO, BENEDETTO. 



menta. He appears to have accompanied the king in most of big 

 progresses; and he acted in the western parts of England as a judge 

 itinerant. He was made archdeacon of Oxford in 1196, after which 

 there is no further mention of him. The d ite of his death is unknown, 

 but it probably occurred very early in the 13th century. 



Mapes is commonly known as the writer of certain satirical rhyming 

 or Leonine Latin poems, and especially that which Warton calls " the 

 celebrated drinking ode of this genial archdeacon/' which begins, 

 "Meuin est propoaitum in taberna mori." Henca, saya Warton, "he 

 has been very happily styled the Anacreon of the llth [12th] 

 century." This drinking song however forms only part of a longer 

 poem, where the stanzas are differently arranged : and Mr. Wright, 

 who has collected for publication by the Catuden Society all the 

 poems attributed to Mapes, expresses very strong doubts whether he 

 wrote that or any other of them. But this seems to be carrying 

 sceptical criticism to an extreme, though it is remarkable that such of 

 them as are known to have been in circulation during Mapes's life 

 appear to have gone under the name of Goliis or Qoliadus (a generic 

 term for a loose and reckless liver) ; and eo far was Mapes's name 

 from being then associated with them, that, as Mr. Wright observes, 

 "Giraldus speaks against them and their supposed author, Qolias, 

 with great harshness in a chapter of the same book [' Speculum 

 Ecelesise '], in which he dwells with so much warmth on his friend 

 Mapes's praise." However, it is certain that these verses were at a 

 very early period associated with the name of Mapes, and that only 

 recently has any doubt been thrown upon his being the author of 

 several of them. They have, as already state 1, been collected and 

 printed both those which are usually regarded as his, and those 

 which there really seem no grounds for ascribing to him for the 

 Camden Society, under the title of ' The Latiu Poems commonly 

 attributed to Walter Mapes, edited by Tuomas Wright, F.S.A., &c.,' 

 4to, Lond., 1841. 



Mapes wai likewise a diligent writer of prose, both in the learned 

 Latin and the courtly Anglo-Norman languages. His great prose 

 work is entitle 1 ' De Nugis Curialium,' and consists of a series of 

 dissertations against the corruptions of courts and monasteries, and 

 the general depravity of manners, conveyed in historic sketches and 

 traditions of the English court from William II. to Henry IL, 

 monastic stories, legends, tie. accounts of heretics and heresies and 

 tirades against monks, especially of the Cistercian order; together 

 with curious and interesting notioes of Welsh manners, fairy legends, 

 ic.: the whole of this strange combination being divided into five 

 sections termed ' distinctiones,' a form of division adopted by Giraldus 

 and Home other writers of that period. Mapes's Latin style is impure, 

 but liis writings show much knowledge of the worl 1, and contain 

 much curious matter. The ' Nugis Curialium ' has also been printed 

 by the Camden Society' G. Mapes de Nugis Curialium, Distinctiones 

 Quinque. Edited from the unique manuscript in the Bodleian Library 

 at Oxford, by T. Wright,' 4 to, 1850. 



To his Anglo-Norman writings we owe a large portion of the existing 

 body of the romances of the Round Table. The ' Roman de Lancelot 

 du Lac,' the ' Roman des Diverses Quotes du St. Graal,' and ' La Mort 

 d'Artus,' are expressly claimed as the work of Mapes in the last para- 

 graph of the 'Mort d'Artus;' but the ' QuStes du St. Graal, 1 Mapea 

 asserts, he merely translated from a Latin original, which he says was 

 drawn up by order of King Arthur himself, and deposited in the library 

 of Salisbury Cathedral (See further, Warton, ' Hist, of Eng. Poetry,' 

 vol. i., ed. with notes, 1840 ; Craik, ' Sketches of the Hist of Eng. 

 Lit.,' vol. i. ; Wright, ' Biog. Brit. Lit., Anglo-Norman Period,' -and 

 Introductions to the Camden Society's volumes noticed above. 



MAKAT, JEAN PAUL, was born near Neuchatel in 1774. He 

 studied medicine at Paris; but, although not deficient in intelligence 

 and quickness, he wanted the application and perseverance requisite 

 for the regular study of his profession, and he became an empiric. At 

 the first symptoms of the revolution in 1789, he showed himself a 

 furious demagogue, addressing himself to the passions of the Paris 

 populace, and preaching open insurrection and massacre. He was one 

 of the members of the club of the Cordeliers, founded by Dantou in 

 1790. He then became editor of a journal entitled 'L'Ami du 

 People,' which was hawked about the streets, and became a favourite 

 with the lower orders. In this periodical he urged the poor to rise 

 against the rich, the private soldiers against their officers, and the 

 nation at large against the king. In 1792 he became a member of the 

 Erst wjinrnitteo of public safety, and as such sent circulars all over 

 France to recommend the massacre of the so-called aristocrats. He 

 said in his paper that France would never be happy unless 270,000 

 heads were struck off by the guillotine ; and he actually published 

 long lit of individuals whom he denounced as proper objects of 

 vengeance : yet this man was returned by the department of 

 Paris to the National Convention. 



In the convention, Marat was the declared enemy of the Girondins : 

 be attacked them in April 1793, but Robespierre, who was more 

 cautiou.i, chocked him then : things were not yet ripe for their pro- 

 scription. M.irat was even impeached, and underwent a mock trial 

 before his friends of the revolutionary tribunal, but was acquitted, 

 and re-entered the Convention in triumph. He saw the downfall of 

 the Girondins, but did not long survive them. On the 13th of July 

 1793, while taking a bath, a yonng woman from Normandy, named 



Charlotte Corday, was introduced to him, under the pretext of having 

 some pressing information to communicate. She showed him a list of 

 pretended aristocrats in her own district, and while Marat was reading 

 it she stabbed him to the heart, boasting that she had delivered France 

 of a sanguinary monster. She was guillotined, and died with the 

 greatest composure. [CoRDAT n'ARMA.N3.] 



Marat was proclaimed by the Jacobins, as a martyr of liberty, and 

 his body was interred with great honour in the Pantheon, the former 

 church of St. Ge'ne'vieve, from which it was removed after the end of 

 the reign of terror. Marat has been, called a madman, but there was 

 method in his madness ; he was one of those depraved men whom 

 revolutionary convulsioas throw up to the surface of society. 



MARATTI, CARLO, the last eminent painter of the Roman 

 school, was born at Camurano, in the March of Anoona, in the year 

 1625. From his childhood he manifested a great fondness for drawing 

 and painting. In his eleventh year he went to Rome, and became the 

 favourite pupil of Andrea Sacchi, with whom ho remained till ho was 

 nineteen years of age. By studying the works of Raffaelle, the 

 Caracci, and Guido Reui, he formed a style peculiar to himself, and 

 acquired during his lifetime the reputation of being one of the first 

 painters in Europe, though his talents were certainly not of the 

 highest order. Ha was particularly celebrated for the lovely, modest, 

 and yet dignified air of his Madonnas, which procured htm the name 

 of Carlo del Madonne. He painted for Louis XIV. his celebrated 

 picture of ' Daphne." Pope Clement IX., whose portrait he painted, 

 gave him a pension, and conferred on him an order of knighthood. 

 He was patronised by six successive popes; and the churches and 

 palaces of Rome, which are filled with his works, are proofs of the 

 esteem in which he was held. He was employed also in restoring the 

 frescoes of Raffaelle in the Vatican, and of Annibale Caracci in the 

 Farnese Palace. He also etched several beautiful plates. Of his pupils, 

 the bsst known are F. Joranis and Chiari. He likewise promoted the 

 art of engraving, and the famous engraver Jacob Frey was his scholar. 

 In private life he was highly esteemed for his modesty and obliging 

 disposition. He died at Rome in 1713, at the age of eighty-eight. 



MARBECK, JOHN, who, as composer of the solemn and now 

 venerable notes set to the ' Preces ' and Responses, which are still in 

 use, with some alterations, in all our cathedrals, is entitled to our 

 notice, was organist of Windsor during the reigns of Henry VIII. and 

 his successor. A zeal for religious reformation led him to join a 

 society in furtherance of that object, amon? the members whereof 

 were a priest, a singing-man of St. George's Chapel, and a tradesman 

 of the town. Their papers were seized, and iu the handwritiug of 

 Marbeck were found notes on the Bible, together with a Concordance, 

 in English. He and his three colleagues were found guilty of heresy, 

 aud condemned to the stake. The others were executed according to 

 their sentence ; but Marbeck, on account of his great musical talents, 

 and being rather favoured by Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, was 

 pardoned, and lived to witness the triumph of his principle--, and to 

 publish his work, which appeared under the title of ' The Boke of 

 Common Praier, noted.' The colophon is " Imprinted by Richard 

 Grafton, printer to the kingcs majestie, 1550, cum privilegio ad impri- 

 mendum solum." In the same year appeared also his Concordance ; 

 and in 1574, 'The Lives of Holy Saiuct-<, Prophets, Patriarchs, and 

 others;' and subsequently his other books connected with religious 

 history and controversy. 



MARUELLINUS AMMfANOS. [AMMIANUS MABCELLINUS.] 



MARCELLI'NUS was bishop of Rome in the reign of the emperor 

 Diocletian. He has been represented by some as having, through fear 

 during the persecution raised under that emperor, offered incense to 

 the heathen deities, but this is contested by others. He died A.D. 304. 



MARCELLO, BENEDETTO, a patrician of Venice, son of Agostino 

 Marcello, a senator, was born in 1686. His elder brother, Alessandro, 

 who was famed for his knowledge in natural philosophy and mathe- 

 matics, as well as for his musical acquirements, had weekly music- 

 parties at his house, to which probably the early predilection of 

 Benedetto may be attributed. Among the masters to whom the care 

 of his education was assigned are mentioned Gaspariui and Lotti, 

 under whom he studied composition, but we do not find that he pro- 

 duced anything particularly worthy of notice till 1716, in which year 

 a serenata from his pen was performed at Vienna, when the birth of 

 the first son of the emperor Charles VI. was there celebrated with 

 much ceremony and splendour. 



His great work, and that to which is to be ascribed the celebrity of 

 his name throughout Europe, was published in 8 vols, folio, in the 

 years 1724 and 1726, under the title of 'Estro Poetico-armonico, 

 Parafrasi eopra i 50 primi Salmi, Poesia di G. A. Giustiniani, rnusica 

 de B. Marcello, patrizi Veneti.' The learned M. Suard, whose reputa- 

 tion as a musical critic once stood high, seems to approve the rather 

 strong term with which this title commences ; for, says he, nothing 

 equals the enthusiasm that reigns in all these compositions; it 

 transfers to music the energy of Oriental thought, and converts the 

 composer at onc3 into a Pindar and a Michael Angelo. Whatever may 

 have been the degree of enthusiasm possessed by Marcollo and 

 doubtless it was great there is certainly too much of it in this 

 opinion. Graceful and appropriate melody, supported by harmony 

 of the purest kind, is his true characteristic. He occasionally, though 

 not often, is grand, but this grandeur springs out of simple sources, 



