MARCELLU8, EMPIR1COS. 



MARENZIO, LUCA. 



tad de * eouai learned eomMtnUom and complicated r*ru among 

 lo hie style U to I* traced *ound musical knowledge, 



(tided by (ood sea** and poliabed by good tasU. 



Mr. A vieon. la his well known ' Essay on Musical Expression,' carries 

 hb nharrMi-* of Marosllo'a IValmi to great lengths, and leaves us to 

 War that he ouncidera them at least on a lev. 1 with the works of the 

 Italian'* rest contemporary, HandeL Time has shown the extra- 

 Tisanrt of thi* opinion, sad assigned to the Venetian oompoter his 

 taw rank, which undoubtedly i* high, though far from being of the 

 loftiest kind. Avisoa however evinced the sincerity of his admiration 

 by bsumf proposal* for publishing an edition of the ' Salmi ' set to 

 laiHik words; but the execution of this design devolved on Mr. 

 Qwrtfri organUt of Durham, who very skilfully adapted to the music 

 our own pros* translation of the Psalms, and published the work 

 (which is now to be found in most musical libraries) in eight hand- 

 some folio volume*. Marcello composed many other works beside* 

 hi* Psalm*, but few, if any of them, have survived. He did not con- 

 aa* hi* attention to mtwie, but was an active magistrate, and during 

 any yean one of the Council of Forty. He died in 1739. 



MARCELLUS, EMITRICUS, wa born at Bordeaux, and was 

 asMisrsr JhMTMi in the reign of Theodoeius the Great The only 

 ork of hi* which bat com* down to us u entitled ' De Medicatuentis 

 aantriob, phyakis et retionalibu*,' published at Basel, 1587, Venice, 

 1S47; and with the 'Medici Principes/ Paris, 1667. Though Mar- 

 orllus doe* not appear to have belonged to the medical profession, he 

 give* a* much curious information respecting the manner in which 

 oedicUM wa* studied at that time in GauL 



MARCELLUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS, born of a Roman consular 

 {anil/, after paving through the offices of axHle and quasetor, was 

 made consul B.C, 234. The Tnnspadane Gauls having declared 

 war against Rome, Marcellus marched againt them, defeated them 

 near Aorrra* on the Addua, killed their king Viridomarus, and carried 

 at* his anna, the " spolia opima," hich were exhibited in his triumph. 

 At the beginning of the second Punic war, Maroellua was sent to 

 Sicily M prsrtor to administer the Roman part of the island, and had 

 aleo the teak of keeping the Syracusans firm to their alliance with 

 ROOM. After the battle of Canna- ho was recalled to Italy, to oppose 

 lUtinibsL He took the command of the relics of the Itoman forces 

 in Apulia, kept Hannibal in check, and defended Nob. In the year 

 214 tvc., being again consul, he took Casilinum by surprise. He was 

 next sent to Sicily, where Syracuse had declared against Rome. 



a siege of nearly three years, ute town was 

 taken in the year B.C. 212, and Marcellus returned to Rome with the 

 rich spoil*. Archimedes lost hU life on the occasion of this taking of 

 Ojiauuas, [ARCIIIUKDB.] Marcellus did not obtain the triumph, 

 but only Ute ovation, as the war in Sicily was not entirely terminated. 

 la the year n.< . 210 be was again chosen consul, and had the direction 

 of the war against Hannibal in Apulia, when he took the town of 

 Sabpia, and fought several partial engagements with tho Carthaginians 

 without any definite result In the following year he continued in 

 ' of the army, and fought a battle against Hannibal near 

 i, in which the Romans were defeated and ran away. On the 

 day Marcellus renewed the fight and defeated the Csrth.v 



(Men*, upon which Hannibal withdraw to the mountains of the 

 IraHI III the next year, B.C. 208, Maroellus was elected consul, for 

 the fifth time, with T. Quintus Crispinus. He continued to carry on 

 the war against Hannibal, when, being encamped near Veuuiia, be 

 rashly ventured out, (ell into an ambuscade of advanced posts, and 

 we* killed. Hannibal caused hi* body to be buried with honours. 

 (Uvy, xxvil 2, 1 4, ii'.) He was one of the most distinguished Roman 

 ooomaadcrs during the second Punic war, and had the honourable 

 rmtatiou of a disinterested man. 



MAI :. Itoman jurist, who lived under Anto- 



ninus Pin* and his successors. He was employed by Pius a* ouo of 

 hi* legal adviser* (Capitolinus, ' Anton. Pius.' 12), ami also apparently 

 by Aurelitts, the sucoseeor of Pius ( Dig.' 28, tit 4, a. 3), for Marcel I us 

 s|eks bf the proceedings in case before Anrelius, A.II. 106, iu which 

 U emperor delivered judgmtnt. Marcelln* tit 2, a. 18), 



a* quuted by Ulpiaaus, cite* an oratio of the Divi Fratna, which 

 proves that be survived Aurelius, if the word Divi was used by him, 

 and is not introduced by Ulpiauu*. It U conjectured that thi* i* the 

 Ulaiu* Marcellua who commanded in Britain during the reign of 

 Ceatawdo*, the successor of Aurrlins, and by his military succtss 

 DM jealousy of the emperor. (Dion Cauius, Ixxii 8.) 1: it it 

 if thi. Ulpiu. MarceUtt* i. the jurist (See the note of 



eww e Dioa CMStna.) 



The writing* of M.rceilus mentioned in the Florentine Index ere 

 thirty-one books of Di(e*U, six book* on the Up* Julia et Papi., and 

 two took* of Keepotise. There are lfi excerpt* from Marcellus in 

 UM triaeet; and oilier works of his are cited besides those just enu- 

 merated. M*rerilu. U quoted by Marvianus, Ulpianus, and Paulus 

 fieqiisalti add by Modestiooa. 



MAUCKLLU8 I. MKOMUd Itareellinu. a. bishop of Rome, but we 

 know little of l.im, except that bo is said to have been strict in 

 etttVctag the dbch.hoe of tbe cburch. II. died A. . 310. 



MAKCKLLU3 II wa* elected afkr the death of Pope Julius III. in 

 JSW. but died la lees than month after his election. He wa* 

 by Paul IV. 



MARCIA'NUS, born in Thrace of obscure parent* towards the end 

 of the 4th century, entered the army, rose gradually by his merit 

 to high rank, and wa* made a senator by Tbeodosius II. When Theo- 

 doaius died (A.D. 450), his lister Pulcheria, then fifty-two years old, 

 offered her hand to Marcianus, who was near sixty, because she thought 

 him capable of bearing the crown with dignity and advantage to the 

 state. Marcianu* married her, and was proclaimed emperor. His 

 reign, which lasted little more than six years, was peaceful, and bis 

 ftdminUtration was equitable and firm. He refused to pay to Attila 

 the tribute to which Theodoaiiu had submitted. In the year 465 

 Marcianus acknowledged Avitus as Emperor of the West Marcianu* 

 dud in 467 ; bis wife Pulcheria had died before him. He was 

 succeeded by Leo L 



M AHCI A'NUS wELIUS, a Roman jurist, who was writing after the 

 time of Septiiniu* Severus, for he calls him Divu* (' Dig.' 50, tit 4, . 7). 

 He also survived Caracalla, the successor of Severus, for he names him 

 Divns ('Cod.' 9, tit 8, a. 8). He probably wrote chiefly under the 

 reigns of Septimiu* and bis son Caracalla. The works of Marcianus 

 which are mentioned in the Florentine Index ore sixteen books of 

 Institutiones, four books entitled Regularia, two books on Appella- 

 tiones, two books on Publica Judicia, a single book on Dclatores, a 

 single book on the Hypothecaria (formula), and a single book Ad 

 Senatusoonsultum Turpilianum. Marciauus is cited by Ulpianus and 

 Paulus (' Cod.' 7, tit 7.) Tlu-re arc 275 excerpts from Marcianus in 

 the Digest 



1IAKCUS GR^ECUS. Of this writer, and his 'Liber Ignium,' 

 notbing is known but one old mention and a quotation. A certain 

 Qracus is mentioned (about A.D. 800) by the Arabic physician whose 

 name is Latinised into Mesua. John Mesua's medical works were 

 printed at Venice, 1581, folio. There it a surmise by Fabrictus and 

 Dutens, that this same Gnecus U mentioned by Galen. His name first 

 appears, as far as we can find, in Dr. Jebb's edition of Roger Bacon. 

 In speaking (preface, sheet C, leaf 1) of liacon's distinct reference to 

 some sort of detonating powder, Jebb thinks he may have drawn his 

 account from the 'Liber Ignium' of a certain Marcus Gnccus, of winch 

 work he(Jbb)had seen a manuscript in the possession of Dr. Richard 

 Mead. Dutens, author of the ' Origino Jes Docouvertes attributes aux 

 Modernee,' procured the account from Dr. Jebb, and ascertained that 

 there was a manuscript iu the Royal Library at Paris : but the work 

 has never been printed. [BACON, Room.] As the passage in question 

 is not easily met with entire, and certainly describee gunpowder and 

 it* consequences, iii the form of a rocket, we shall transcribe it, seeing 

 that the early existence of some such thing as gunpowder is clearly 

 indicated, not merely by the passage itself, but by Bacon's reference 

 to it or a similar account : 



"Secuudus modus ignis volatilis hoc modo conficitur : lib. i sulphuris 

 vivi ; lib. U carboui* salicis ; salis petroei vi librae, qua; tria subtilianimd 

 terantur in lapide marmoreo. Postea pulvis ad libitum iu tunica 

 reponatur volatili, vel tonitrum facieute. Nota quod tunica ad 

 volandum debct esse gracili* et louga, et pnedicto pulvere optime 

 conculcato repleta. Tunica vel tonitrum fuuiens debet esso brevis, 

 gross*, et pnedicto pulvere semipleua, et ab utraque parte tilo fortis- 

 simo beue ligata. Nota quod in qualibet tunica primum foramen 

 faciendum eat, ut tenta imposita acceudatur, qutc tenta in extremita- 

 tibus fit gracilis; in medio vero Uta, et prtcdicto pulvere repleta, 

 Nota quod ad volandum tunica plicaturas ad libitum habere potest, 

 touitrum vero faciens quam pluriuias plicaturas. Nota quod duplex 

 potcris facero touitrum ac duplex volatile instrumeutuui, vel tuuicaui 

 subtiliUr in tunica includendo." 



MARE'NZIO, LUCA, the most voluminous, and, in the opinion of 

 many, the best of all the composers of madrigal*, was bom at Concaglia 

 in Breccia, about the middle of the 16th century. HU parents were 

 poor, but bis fine voice recommended him to the protection of tho 

 principal ecclesiastic of the place, who bad him instructed iu music 

 by Giovanni Contiui, the author, we arc told, of many Bacred composi- 

 tions. HU first appointment was as 'maestro di Capella ' to the 

 cardinal Luigi d'Eite, and at Rome, says Adaiui, he was beloved and 

 caressed by many grant personages, and among the number by tho 

 king of Poland, on whose invitation he paid a vitit to the dominions 

 of that monarch. Peacham, in his ' Complete Gentleman,' tells us that 

 be wa* " in displeasure with the pope, for overmuch familiarity with 

 a kinswoman of his holiness," which was the cause of hu quilling 

 Italy for a time. He states other particulars relative to thi.", which are 

 extraordinary at least but now not worth investigating. Marciizio 

 returned however to the papal city, and was admitted into the pope's 

 chapel, but in what capacity docs not appear; I'eacham says as organist; 

 Dr. Burucy denies this, atsigning as the reason of bis disbelief, that in 

 the papal chapel there is no organ. The former, who certainly was 

 acquainted with Mareuzio, describes him as a " little black man," ami 

 mentions the first, second, and thirl parts of his ' Thyrsi?,' a* " songs 

 the Muses themselves might nut have been ashamed to compose." He 

 died at Rome in 1699. 



In relation to his style of composition the Italians described him as 

 ' il piu dolce cigno ' (the sweetest swan), and the praise thus poetically 

 expressed was perfectly just Indeed as roipeots tenderness of itir aud 

 gracefulness of harmony be has had few rivals. In vigour of imagina- 

 tion be has tnperiors, among whom our own beat Knglioh inadrijjalists 

 insy be nsrai d without incurrin; |th charge of national partiality. As 



