MARIANA, JUA1T. 



MARIANA, JtTAN. 



1M 



id foe UM purpose. In Tuscany, which was 



by * eooodl of regency in the nam* of hr second son 



iaanolil. the ordered that 1*7 aateaeora should be joined to the 

 toqaU.toc. m all salt* for bmy. She also took away the sbirri, or 

 armed fore., whioh M befon under the orden of the inquisitors, 

 Tfc* iiwhitt of Lombardy and Tuscany wu finally abolished under 

 UM rein of bar no* Joseph and LeopoM. 

 Mara Theresa f aiiineijthe strong affod 



subjects, 



ad it required all the labwqiMOt rashness of Joseph IL to detach 

 them from their Lyslty to Austria. The Belgian capitalist* eagerly 

 MooHed the loane which the court of Vienna wai obliged to contract 

 dwtn* tho Seven Years' War. 



In Lombardy the adminiitration of Maria Theresa and of her 

 art IT Count Flrmian was a period of returning happiness for that 

 country, after the vicissitudes of the preceding wan and the 

 vious long misrule of the Spanish govsrnor<. The empreas 

 ordered a new eaaaimento, or valuation of estate*, for the purpose of 

 HI eqvHable assessment of the land-tax ; she oauied the bilancio 

 camerale, or a regular budget of the pnblic revenue and expenditure, 

 to be made ; ah* aboliahed the custom of farming the Tarioua branohee 

 of the indirect dntic* to the highest bidder, made regulation to 

 protect th* peasant* agalnit the oppression of their feudal superiors, 

 and established representative communal councils to superintend the 

 expenditure ; the began, in abort, and effected to a considerable 

 t, that great legislative and administrative reform whioh was 

 aaniplilnl under her anooaeaor Joteph II. Firmisn encouraged men 

 of learning, and protected them against the cabala of their enemies. 

 Metro Verri was made counsellor and president of the financial board ; 



appointed professor of political philosophy ; Carli was 

 rot of the council of commerce ; and the advice and 

 i of ths men were listened to, appreciated, and followed. 

 The navif Uo, or navigable canal of Paderno, which joins the Adda to 

 the Marusana, was executed under Maria Theresa, In 1749, soon 

 after ah* obtained peaceful possession of Lombardy, the duchy of 

 Milan contained 900,000 inhabitant*; in 1770 the population had 

 risen to 1,1*0,000. Maria Theresa will ever rank high among illus- 

 trious women, and among those sovereigns who have been tha bene- 

 factor* of mankind. She died at Vienna on the 29th of November 

 1760. With her ended the boose of Austria Habsburg, and at the 

 same Urn* began the present dynasty of Austria Lorraine. 



MAKIA'NA, JUAN, was born at Talavera in 1536. He early 

 ahowtd great talents, which were developed under the eminent teachers 

 of the University of Alcala, such as Father Cyprian of Huerga and 

 others. At the age of seventeen Mariana joined the Jesuit*, who had 

 already acuuired a rrpuUtion which attracted to them the ablest 

 sted'nU. He had to pass two probationary years at Simsnoas, under 

 Saint Francis of Boria, UM hereditary duke of Gandla, and favourite 

 of Charles V., who bad renounced the world to join the new order. 

 After this probation Mariana returned to Alcala to resume his studios. 

 la IMS ha was appointed to a professorship by Laynez, the second 

 gsnirsl of hi* order, who framed the rules of the Jesuit*, raised their 

 asprrstieos, prepared them for the influence which they afterwards 

 axareind. sad opened their splendid college ' II Oesu,' at Rome. 



la this college Mariana, at the age of twenty-four, taught scholastic 

 ahOeeophy and divinity. Among hi* pupils was the young Jesuit 

 (afterwards cardinal) Bellannin. Mariana was sent in 1665 to open 

 course of divinity in Sicily, and thence to Paris two years after on 

 UM same mission, in which he was still more successful. Seven years 

 of unremitting application in an uncongenial climate so greatly 

 impaired Marianas health, that be was permitted to retire to Toledo, 

 near his birthplace. But his UlenU and moral worth were still put 

 in requisition. He restored and edited the work* of Saiut Isidore, to 

 which he added some valuable note*. When Leon de Castro 

 mMatiaosJ UM orthodoxy of Aria* Montano, for introducing Rab- 

 Balaal reading* and commentaries into UM ' PUutina Regia,' or 

 |.ina Polyglott,' a new edition of the 'CompluUnsis? which 

 Mobtutu had undertaken at the command of Philip IL, Mariana 



biblical 



that tun* little read. 

 History of Spain' first 

 'Uistortisderetm.ll 



. DUlDCfOUs*. WOTO 



some of them waihardly known. His 

 eared in twenty books, under the title 

 fcL, Toleti, 16&, libri xx. It was sabs*. 

 <n wWah form '* PPd in the 



UM apaafch nation 



7 4 - to , l rt ' book ^ <n wWah form '* PPd in the 

 edition of 1605, published at Main*. Tbk compact snd lurid 

 l of an unbroken chronological narrative, from the origin of 



i nation to the death of Ferdinand the Catholic (a period 



(a period 



,), embraces the history of all UM Spanish 

 whist had hitherto been treated separately. A subject so 

 ..^ apreawd in classical Latin, met with universal favour and 

 Ml..!.;!., A Spanish translation won became necessary, and fortu 

 ateiy Mariana eceompliabed the teak himself, and carried the work 

 through few *oc*.aiT. Spanish edifaoo. in hi* lifetime. 

 Mariana ha* been charged with credulity ; but traditions held sacred 



in times past, although rejected in the present age prodigies which 

 formed part of history, and which Mariana could not di*mis< with the 

 disdainful smile of modern criticism, an spot* which will naver 

 obscure the brilliancy of his digressions on some of the moat important 

 events of the world, events which appear as great causes when so 

 admirably interwoven with those peculiarly belonging to the history of 

 Spain. 



The manly feelings of the historian, his noble Indignation against 

 crimes, his bold exposure of the misdeeds of princes and their abettors, 

 deserve still higher commendation. Yet he, as well a* Ferreras and 

 Masdeu more recently, has spared a gross instance of Queen Urraoa's 

 licentious conduct; but on the other hand, the defence of Queen 

 Blanca's honour is highly creditable to Mariana. It is true also that 

 Mariana did not always examine all the original authorities, a* Itanke 

 observes in the ' Kritik neucrer aescbiohtechreiber ;' but to institute 

 an Inquiry into every, minor detail, to comprehend a wide field of 

 Inquiry, and yet to open new and to diadain all trodden paths, would 

 have required the perusal of whole libraries, and a single Ufa would 

 not have been sufficient to complete the undertaking. And if others 

 had been Invited to join in the labour of the investigation, a motley 

 compilation might have been the only result of so much research, 

 which it is almost impossible ever to combine into one harmonious 

 whole. Mariana's portraits of lords and favourites wft-e found too 

 original and faithful by the living ; as in the case of the Condf stable of 

 Castile, Ferdaudez Velasco, and his worthy secretary Pedro Mantaono. 

 The secretary, after having been a panegyrist of the new historian, 

 tried to serve his master by his attack on Mariana, entitled ' : 

 tencias A la Historic de Mariana.' Ho was discovered however, and 

 roughly treated by Tamayo Vargas in ' La Defeusa de Mariana.' Pro- 

 bably to this criticism may be traced many improvements in Mariana's 

 second Spanish edition of his history, which appeared at Madrid, 1608. 

 It is on this edition and the various readings selected from the editions 

 of 1617 and 1623, that the edition of Valencia is based, which contains 

 ample notes and illustrations, 9 vols. Svo, 1733-96. This edition also 

 closes, like the original, with the reign of Ferdinand the Catholic 

 (1515-16). There has subsequently been published at Madrid 1, The 

 continuation of Mariana, by Mihana, translated from the Latin, by 

 Romero, fol., 1S04 ; 2, A complete Mariana, continued down to the 

 death of Charles III., 1788, by Sabau y Blanco, 20 vola. 4to, 1817-22; 

 3, Another by the some, brought down to the year 1808, 9 vols. Svo, 

 with portraits. 



Mariana's little respect for potentates and great personages was 

 denounced with greater asperity when his ' DJ Kege et Regis Institu- 

 tions ' appeared in 1599. By bis attempt on the life of Henri IV., in 

 1594, Jean Chatelet, who had studied among the Jesuits, not only 

 involved the whole body in the odium of his crime, but provoked a 

 decree for their expulsion from France. Finally the assassination of 

 Henri, in 1610, whioh was supposed to have been instigated by the 

 Jesuit!, excited such horror, that the parliament of Paris condemned 

 the new tract of Mariana to the flames ; and his treasonable doctrines, 

 as they were called, continued during the whole of that age of loyalty 

 and part of the following to furnish a common subject of animadversion 

 and a chief ground of accusation against the Jesuits. The Jesuits 

 have indeed occasionally supported the claims of the people against 

 their rulers, but always with a view to the interests of their own body 

 only. Mariana, on the contrary, discussed this subject on better and 

 higher grounds. Mankind occupied his thoughts, and had a much 

 stronger hold on his affections than the interests and plans of las 

 order. By his defence of Arias Moutano, already mentioned, be lost 

 all chance of preferment, which however he was glad to exchange for 

 learned leisure and the gratification of his love of historical research. 

 Mariana published also, in 1599, his imperfect work, ' De Pouderibux 

 et Meusuris,' a subject which his countrymen Lebrija or Nebrija, 

 Diego Covarrubiaa, Pedro Ambrosio Morales, aud Arias Montano, had 

 treated before, and which Eiseuschmidt, Fruret, Paucton, &a, have 

 pursued much further since. 



The profound erudition of Mariana is also displayed in his ' Trac- 

 tetus Septem,' Cologne, 1609. The second of these treatises, 'De 

 Kditione VulgatA,' is an epitome of his report on the fierce contro- 

 versy between Arias Montouo and Leon de Castro. The fourth, 'De 

 Mutatione Moneta,' provoked the indignation of the Duke of Lerma 

 and his partners in the system of general peculation aud frauds which 

 Mariana exposed. He foretold the calamities which threatened the 

 Spanish nation; and his words, whioh had been disregarded, were 

 remembered when the opportunity was gone. As a reward for pro- 

 claiming such unwelcome truths, at the ago of seventy-three he 

 suffered a whole year of judicial trickery, humiliations, aud confine- 

 ment in the convent of St. Francis at Madrid. la searching his papers 

 another exposure was found, entitled ' Del Oobierno de la Compania,' 

 or on the defects of his order, in which he also pointed out the means 

 of correcting them. Copies of this manuscript had multiplied so 

 alarmingly, that the year after the author's death, the genera! of tTic 

 Jesuits, Viteleaohi, issued a circular, dated Koine, July 1'J, 1(^1, 

 enjoining the collection of such papers in order to be burnt. Still 

 that measure did not prevent its being printed at Bordeaux in 1625, 

 and reprinted elsewhere in several languages. This curious circular 

 was found in the archives of the Jesuits of Valencia at the time of 

 their sudden expulsion from the Spanish dominions in 1767> 



