v\;.: I, LlUft 



MARK, ST. 



101 



rib* 



i MrtilTr- llirtiiiil to support it, he commanded him to b led 



Ik* pmtonhlp with gnat difficulty, in eomcqueDce 

 Btmoehtmi of UM patrician order, who accused him of 

 A UM offlee by means of bribery. At the expiration of 



Ue prWmhiD UM provtooe of Spain was asrfgned to him, which be 



eared of roooara, 



On bk return to Rom*, he WM anxious to obtain 

 4k* oosMuleblp : bat he did not venture to become a candidate for 

 say year* after. He continued however to rite in public opinion, 

 ad appears about thU time to have married Julia, one of the Julian 

 fmmilj, who was aiml to the famou. Julius Canar. 



U c. 109 he accompanied Metallu* into Africa in the capacity of 

 |*BMB' (**0ond in nminrfH) ; and by hi* prudence and courage in 

 Ik* war with Juetirtha be added greatly to hit military reputation. 

 Mb Mend, took advantage of hk increasing popularity at Home to 

 pervade the people that the war with Jngurtha would never be con- 

 etadrd until UM imaiiaenil wae Riven to Marios. Thu led to an open 

 era him and Metellus ; and it WM with the greatest 

 t Metellu. allowed hi* lieutenant leave of abwnoe to go 

 i in order to itand for the consulship. Mariui was however 



he obtained the coniuUhip (B.C. 107) and the command of 

 the Jogurthine war. On hie arrival in Africa, Mariu* prosecuted the 

 war with the greatest vigour; aud in the following year (B.C. 108) 

 nhtajajrrt po***as*on of the person of Jugurtha, who wu treacherously 

 grvea up by Boechui to hk qnawtor Sulla. [JraoRTH*.] Marina 

 remained in Africa during the next year (ac. 105) ; in which the 

 eoneul Manilioa and the proeonaul Catpio were defeated by the 

 Tsotonea and Cimbri in Gaul, with the prodigiout loss, according to 

 Livy ( Kp.' 67) of 60.000 soldiers, besides 40,000 camp-follower-. 

 The new* of their defeat caused the greatest consternation at Rome, 

 especially as the Teotone* and Cimbri threatened the immediate 

 invasion of Italy ; and Marios was accordingly elected consul in his 

 ba*no*, without any opposition even from the patrician party, as 

 UM only man in the state who was able to save it from impending 



Marios entered upon his second consulship B.C. 104, and triumphed 

 on account if his victories over Jupirth* ; but in consequence of the 

 threatened invasion of Italy having been deferred by on irruption of 

 the Cimbri into Spain, Mariui wu again chosen consul in the two 

 following years (B.I-. 103, 102). In the fourth consulship of Mariui 

 (B.C. 102) the Cimbri, 1 aving been defeated by the Celtiberi in Spain, 

 l4uined to Oaul, and resolved to invade Italy in two divisions ; the 

 one, riosssllns, of tho Teutones and Ambrones (a Gallic people), 

 through Uallia NarbonensU; and the other, comprising the Cur.bti, 

 by way of Noricum. Mariui defeated the Teutones and Ambrones 

 near Aqua? Bestial (Aix) in Oaul; but Catului, who was stationed at 

 the foot of the Alps to oppose the passage of the Cimbri, retreated 

 first to the other side of the Atheei* (Adige), and afterwards quitted 

 this position also without waiting for the enemy's attack. In the 

 following year, c. 101. Marios, who was again elected consul, for 

 Ik* nfth time, joined hk forces with those of Catulua. and entirely 

 defcatii UM Cimbri in the plain of Verceluo (Veroelli), situated to 

 UM north of the Po, near the SeanU* (Sesia). In these two battlei 

 tk* Teotones tad Ambrones are said to have lost the incredible 

 iramber of 1*0,000 men (200,000 slain, and 00.000 taken prisoners); 

 sad UM Ombri 200,000 men (140,000 slain, and 60,000 taken prisoners). 

 (Uvy.-Eo.-o8.) 



Mario, stain became candidate for the consulship for the following 



bat now that the fear of the Gallic invasion was removed, he 

 was opposed by UM whole tteogth of the patrician party. He never- 

 UWMM obtained Ik* cooeuUhip, in great part owing to the exertions 

 of Bsti)ns, tke tribune, who k described *s a man who scrupled 

 at UM snmaksin* of no crime in order to obtain hi* object. The 

 ewsrte of Ik* tixtii cooeoUhlp of Mariu., which are some of the most 

 tuportaat in thk period of Roman bktory, are imperfectly narrated 

 by the hMorkna. It appear, that an Agrarian Uw, proposed by 

 tatoraioo* and sapported by Mariu* at.d one of the praetors named 

 GUoda, wa* carried notwithstanding the mu*t violent opposition of 

 U. rairirkn party; aud that Metellu* Xumidicus was driven into 

 exile m *o.seqaence of refusing to take UM oath of conforming to 

 UM Uw. YVbea the election of ron.uk for the eniuing year came 

 o% Meomioa, who opposed Ulauck. as a candidate for the office, was 

 MMered by order of gatominu*; and the senate, perceiving the 

 city to be la a state of auwchy, pasaed th. usual decree, "that the 

 oMMok akoold lake car* that the republic should receive no injury, 1 

 by wUek alma* absolute power wa* voted in the consuls. Mariu*, 

 unable or unwUlio, to protect hk old friend*, besieged Saturniuu. 

 awl Ulaoria, who had ariaed upon th* eapMoL They .urrendeml 

 UMowelt < to Mario, on UM prouk* that their lire* should be spared, 

 bat they were all immediately put to death. U appear* proba .le 

 that Marina, after U,* blow which bad batn given to the popular 

 arty by the orrend*r of 8aturuii.ua and Ulaocia, would not have 

 kevn able to aave their livea, even if b. bad made th* attempt 



At the x|irali .n of bk ooo.uUl.ip. Mariu* Ufi Itome to avoid 

 vitamaiac tb triumph of tk* patrician |*rty in the return of hi. 

 M *a*my Metelloa. whose s*otet.c of baiiubmmt wa. r. pealed after 

 the d'atb of Saloreinu*. Aooerdin*; to lluterxh, M*riu* went to 

 Cappadock and Oalatia, under the pretct.ce of ofbring a sacrifice 



which he had vowed to Cybele ; but with the real object of exoitin? 

 Mithridates to war, in order that bo might be again employed in 

 military affairs, since he did not obtain much distinction in peace. 



In B.C. 90 the Marsian or Social war broke out ; in which both 

 Marius and Sulla were engaged as legati to the two consuls. Marios 

 gained several victories over the enemy, but he no longer possessed 

 that activity and energy which bad distinguished him in his earlier 

 yean; and disgusted, it is said, with the increasing reputation of 

 Julia, he resigned his command before the conclusion of the war. 



The Martian war had scarcely been brought to an end, before Un- 

 civil war commenced between Mario* aud Sulla. The command of 

 tho Mithridatic war had been assigned to Sulla, who wa* now consul 

 [B.C. 83) ; but Marius used every effort to wrest it from him, and is 

 taid by Plutarch to have gone every day to the Campus Martius, and to 

 iiave performed hi* exercises with the young men, although he was now 

 in hi* seventieth year and very corpulent, in ord<-r to show that be was 

 not incapacitated by age. He was warmly supported by P. Sulpitius 

 the tribune, who possessed great property and influence ; and a law 

 was eventually passed that the command should be taken from Sulla 

 and given to Marius. Sulla was with the army at the time besieging 

 Kola ; but a* soon as he heard of tho law which had been passed, 

 he marched to Rome ; and Marius aud his adherents were obliged to 

 quit the city. After wandering through many parts of Italy, Marius 

 escaped with the greatest difficulty to Africa ; but he had no sooner 

 landed at Carthage, than Sextiliua, the governor of the province, sent 

 word to him, that unless he quitted Africa, he shouM treat him as a 

 public enemy. " Go and tell him," repli -d Marius, " that you have 

 seen the exile Marius sitting on the ruins of Carthage." But in the 

 following year (B.C. 87), in the absence of Sulla, who had gone to 

 Greece to oppose Archelaus, Marius returned to Italy in order to join 

 the consul Cinna, who, in his attempts to abrogate the laws of Sulla, had 

 been driven from Itome by his colleague Octavius, supported by the 

 patrician party. Shortly afterwards Marius and Cinna entered t lie city 

 at the head of a large army ; and a general massacre of the opposite 

 party ensued. Marius always appears to have been of a fierce and 

 unrelenting temper; and the sufferings ho bad lately undergone, which 

 at his time of life must have greatly impaired his health, tended to 

 exasperate him more than ever against the party which had opposed 

 and thwarted him during the whole of hi* life. All the leaders of the 

 patrician party who were unable to escape from Rome were put to 

 death ; Lutatios Catulus, who had been tho colleague of Marius in 

 the war with the Cimbri, put himself to death in order to avoid iiniss 

 sination; and among tho numerous illustrious patricians who fell were 

 C. and L. Julius Csesar, and the celebrated orator M. Antonius, who 

 i* so frequently praised by Cicero, and is one of the principal speakers 

 in the treatise 'On the Orator.' Mariui and Cinna declared them- 

 selves consuls for the ensuing year (B.C. 86), without even holding the 

 comitia; but Mariu* died of a fever in the beginning of the year, on 

 the seventeenth day of his consulship, according to Plutarch (c. 46), or 

 the thirteenth, according to Livy (' Kp.' SO.) 



The character of Marius is chiefly known to us from his life by 

 Plutarch, who appears to have taken his account from the ' .Memoirs 

 of Sulla,' the inveterate enemy of Marius. It cannot be denied that 

 after hi* return from exile Mariu* was guilty of the greatest cruelties, 

 but even these were surpassed by the atrocities of Sulla; aud we 

 should not be doing justioa to Marius, if we ascribed to him, during 

 the whole of hk life, the character which ho displayed in his seventh 

 consulship. 



(Plutarch, Lift of Mariut; Sallust, Jugiirthint War; Epitome* of 

 Livy ; Vclleiu* Paterculus ; Cicero, DC Oratort, iii. 2, 3 ; Clinton, 

 Fatti Hcllenici.) 



MAKIVAUX, PIERRE CARLET DE CHAMBLAIN DE, born at 

 Pnri* in 1688, wo* one of the mot popular romance-writers of the 18th 

 century, and one to whom that branch of literature ia mainly indebted 

 for the character and authority which it ha* acquired as a representation 

 of actual life aud manners, illustrated by the analysis of conduct and 

 motives, sentiment* and feelings. He began his career a* a dramatic 

 writer, and hi* piece* were for a long time the support of the Thcutre- 

 Italien. Yet although they display much ingeuuity aud talent, and 

 procured for their author a seat in the French Academy, they now 

 poetess little interest, except as being productions of the same pen 

 which gave the world ' La Vie do Marianne ' aud the ' Paysau Parvenu.' 

 Marivaux also wrote another romance, entitled ' Pharsainon,' every 

 way inferior to the two oil which hi* reputation rents; also ' Le 

 Spectateur Francois,' and Le Philosophe Indigent' The inequality 

 of hk taste was also manifested by his ' Homere Travesti,' which was 

 published in 1716, wa* neglected from the very first, aud has long been 

 deservedly forgotten ; while his two novels still charm by the master- 

 touchea with which they abound, by their accurate aud highly-finished 

 delineation* of character, and by the intimate knowledge which they 

 <lmplay of the human heart. Marivaux was no less estimable at a 

 mail than a* an author, illustrating in hi* life the lessons which 4ie 

 endeavoured to iiupre** upon others. Benevolence to all, active 

 sympathy for the unfortunate, and a philoiophic indifference toward* 

 wealth aud distinctions, were prominent traits in his character, lie 

 died at Park in 1763. 



M AUK, ST., the Evangelist, i* lupposed by the greater number of 

 ancient and modern writers to be the fame person a* John Mark, who 



