Ill 



MAKMONT, AUQUSTE. 



MARMORA, ALKONSO. 



11! 



MA1UIOST. AUGU8TE FR6D*RIQOE LOUIS VIESSE DE, 

 MABXCHAL DUG DE RAG I'SE, the son of the Chevalier de Marmont, 

 * old oAorr at rthlinnti-n, wu born at Chatillon-sur-Seinr, ou the 

 SOtii at July 1774. He entered tb* army u tub-liruUnant of infantry 

 in ITS*- but bit father within* him to receive a tound military educa- 

 tion, tent him. in 1792, to the Artillery School of Chalons. Towards 

 the tod of that year be served in the campaign of the Alp*, under 

 Otami Montavqubn. He wai promt at the aiege of Toulon. Decem- 

 ber 1799; and Laving been noticed by Bonaparte for hii skill in directing 

 hi* (rune, wae cboeeo a* hit aide-de-camp, and made a captain in 1794. 

 U thi* capacity be accompanied hi* general to the army of Italy, 

 daring the campaign of that year. After the great insurrection of the 

 Bt^ti-p*. on the 13th Vcndemiar* (October 6, 1795), Marmont, having 

 been appoint- d cbei-d'.acndron, went a eeoond time to Italy, in March 

 1794, a* principal aide-de-camp to General Bonaparte. In this famous 

 campaign be WM preetnt in almoat every field : at Lodi, at Caatiglioue, 

 and at the battle of Saint-Oeorgra, hia intrepidity, hi* skill, his aptitude 

 and invention were alike eontpicuous ; he was created colonel, aud 

 aeat to Paris with 22 colours taken from the enemy. Next, he took 

 part in the expedition to Egypt, and was made a general of brigade 

 for hi* wrricee during the investment of Malta. During the campaign 

 of Syria, in 1799, he was appointed commander in Alexandria, and 

 defended that city against the English and Turks, in a season of 

 famine and pestilence. When General 15 nsparte set sail for France, 

 on hie return from Egypt, August 22, 1799, General Marmont was 

 one of the MTen officer* selected to bear him company in his perilous 



During th* crossing of Mount Saint-Bernard in the spring of 

 leOO. Marmont'i plans for the conveyance of the guns having been 

 adopted, he mperibUnded the entire transport, and by his persevering 

 (Aorta th* pasta** of this important arm wat effected. He fought 

 with much distinction at the battle of Marengo, June 14, 1800, and 

 was immediately after raited to a division. After the peace gained by 

 this victory, be waa made inspector-general of artillery; ho then 

 applied himself aealoualy to various reforms in the service, especially 

 for the accelerating the trail-it of the artillery train. All these im- 

 provement* were sanctioned by th* First Consul, though the young 

 military reformer was only in his twenty-seventh year. 



In the campaign of 1805, General Marmont was present at the 

 capture of Ulm, October 20, 1805; and he was next successfully 

 employed in the reduction of the province of Styri*. Henceforth he 

 commanded armiea. In 1806 he a tent to command the army in 

 Parr* 1 *, where be acted aa general in-chief for several yean. On 

 the 2nd of October, with an army of 6000 man, he defeated an allied 

 i of 9000 Montenegrins, Greeks, and other troops, sustained by a 

 1 corps of 7000 Russians. During bis occupation of the duchy, 

 ant carried out a beneficial system of public works, including 

 groat line of roadway, 210 miles in length, for which useful improve- 

 ment* b* received bit title of Due de Ragute in 1S08. When the 

 campaign of Wagram opened in 1809, Napoleon called this general to 

 support hii main army. Marmont took the field with a corps of 

 9600 infantry, only 300 cavalry, and 12 piece* of cannon. With 

 this force he defeated an Aiutrian army of 20,000 men in several 

 overtly -contested engagement* ; and then encountering General 

 Ginlar, at the bead of 35,000 troop*, posted on the Drave, com- 

 pelled that general to retreat into Hungary. After these successes 

 be joined Napoleon tb* day before the great battle of Wagram, 

 July 5, 1809, took part in the action, and received hit marshal's baton 

 far bit conduct in that arduous engagement This decisive victory 

 being followed by the treaty of Vienna, the Austrian government made 

 ovor to Franc* tb* province* of Pilmatia, Ittria, Ragusa, and Croatia, 

 witb otbor adjacent lands, which Napoleon formed into a single state, 

 under th* till* of the lllyrian Provinces, and placed them under the 

 direction of Marshal Marmont as governor-general. In this high office 

 b* continued nearly tixteen months, giving proof* of superior capacity 

 a* an administrator, whilst be waa honourably distinguished from 

 other ban) sis by his Integrity and disinterestedness. Towards the 

 riot* of 1810 bo flood to high in th* etteem of bit master, that he was 

 t*at into the peninsula to tuptratde Manhal Martens in the command 

 of tb* army of Portugal. Though independent in hia command, he 

 bas4nd to unite hit army to that of Soult, placed himself under the 

 onion of that eminent leader, and aaiuted him in relieving Badajox. 

 Lea. ftarta-mwi at tb* bait), of Salamanca, July 22, 1812, he dia 

 played bowevrr many proofs of skill as a general before he retreated, 

 Mr did b* leav* tb* field until be and the two general* who succeeded 

 him, bad be** disabled by severe wounds. In the campaign of 1813 



tlnngh Maroitly recovered, took the command of the 

 I corps, and waa prorent at Bautacn, May 20, 1813 ; at Dresden, 

 Aufost 36, and at Ixipsic on tb* lth, 17tb, and 18th of October. 

 In thi* last halt)* he defended the village ofSchonfeld, which was 

 taken and retaken seven times. Eight of bit generals were either 

 killed or wounded in the action ; four hones r snk under him, and he 

 wa* twice wounded. 



Hi* name appears again in almost every battle fought on the French 

 roil, in 1AI4, for th* d<f*nc* of his country. He terminated thix 

 campaign, perhaps tb* moat brilliant in his rsreer, by the battle 

 Ufo.e the wall* of I aria, on the 30tb of March 1814. The enemy, 

 tonsi.thn of Itooiaut, I'rusaiacs, and Austrian., wrre more than four 



to one, yet Marmont maintained his post for several hours, not sur- 

 rendering even when the heights of Montmartre had boon taken, and 

 the first Russian guns bad begun to aweep the boulevards within the 

 city ; au<l it was not till some hours after receiving a letter from 

 Joseph Bonaparto authorising them to capitulate, that Mnrmont and 

 Mortier called a council of general officers at an inn within thu suburb 

 of La Villettc, when they agreed to the evacuation of Paris. 



The army of the allies entered the French capital on the 31st of 

 March, and Marshal Marmont, on the 4th of April, after a short 

 correspondence with Prince Schwartcenberg, stipulating for the retire- 

 ment of the French troops into Normandy, with their arms, baggage, 

 aud artillery, entered the allied lines, and thence marched to Ver- 

 sailles. It was this step, taken without the sanction of Nupoleou, 

 which afterwards drew down upon him so much odium. 



The Due de Raguse was now wedded to the cause of the restored 

 dynasty. He accompanied Louis XVIII. to Ghent in 1815, returned 

 to Paris with that sovereign after the battle of Waterloo, and was 

 employed repeatedly both by that monarch aud Charles X. in offices 

 of great trust. At the outbreak of the July revolution in 1830, he 

 was charged with the invidious duty of quelling the revolt, and 

 having failed, became a second time the mark of almoat universal 

 obloquy. To satisfy the popular indignation, he was struck off the 

 list of the French army, and exiled from France. He speut his yean 

 of banishment in visiting different countries, and in writing works of 

 considerable merit on the military systems of Russia, Austria, and 

 other states. Nearly twenty-two years after his disgrace, he died at 

 Venice, on the 2nd of March 1852, in his seventy-eighth year. Two 

 volumes of the ' Momoires du Due de Raguse,' from hia original 

 manuscript, have recently appeared in Paris. 



MAKMONTKL, JKAN-FKANCOIS, was born at Bort in Limousin, 

 in 1723. His parents were of very humble condition, and he owed 

 his instruction in the Latin tongue to the gratuitous tuition which 

 he received iu a college under the direction of the Jesuits. His 

 father placed him with a tradesman at Clermont, but a love for 

 literature interfered with all commercial pursuits. At an cnrly age 

 he became professor of philosophy at a seminary of the Kcnmrdins at 

 Toulouse, and supported hii mother and family after the death of 

 his father. An acquaintance with Voltiire, to whom he h.-id scut 

 some poems, and who encouraged his attempts, brought him to 

 Paris in 1745. Voltaire introduced him to several persons of dis- 

 tinction, and the success of his first tragedy, ' Denys le Tymn,' 

 stamped him as a dramatic poet Owing to the patronage of Madame 

 Pompadour he was made historiographer of the royal buildings 

 (' Historiugrapho dcs Batimens du Roi'), with a pension of 1500 

 livres, aud he also obtained the right of publishing the ' Mercurc,' 

 by which he gained 40,000 livres. He was falsely *upected of 

 satirising a person of distinction, and in consequence lost thu 

 ' Mercute,' and was confined in the Bustilc. His celebrated ' < 

 Moraux ' which, however dubious as to their moral character, are 

 exquisite specimens of the lighter kind of French writing fallowed 

 his release, and gained him great reputation. Ou the death of Duclos 

 he became Historiographer of France ; aud in 1783 ho 

 secretary to the Acadduiie in the place of IVAletnbert. He lost his 

 appointments and his property ou the breaking out of the Revolu- 

 tion, and he removed some distance from Paris in a state of dr-titu- 

 tion. In 1796 be become member of the National Institute, and 

 in 1797 was elected iuto the council of the ancients, but this election 

 having been reverwd after the 18th Fructidor (September 4) in the 

 same year, he retired to Abbeville, where he died ill obscurity in 

 1799, and was buried iu his own garden by some Human Catholic 

 priests. 



The works by which Marmontel is chiefly known aro his ' Contes 

 Moraux,' his romances ' Belisaire ' and ' Les lucas,' and his ' Mdmoircs.' 

 The ' Contes Moraux ' and ' Itelisaire ' are so familiar in an English 

 shape, that they are almost Brituh classics. 



MARMORA, ALFONSO, CONTE DELLA, Lieutcnant-Genernl 

 in the Sardinian army, was born November 18, 1804, in the city of 

 Turin, and is descended from a distinguished Piedmontese family. He 

 waa educated in the military academy of Turin, and left it iu 1823 to 

 enter iuto the artillery as a lieutenant In 1847 he wot a major with 

 the command of a company. In June 1848 he attained the rank 

 of colonel, and in October 1848 that of major-genem). During the 

 revolutionary period of 1848 he held the post of minister of war and 

 marine, from August 27 to December 16. The Sardinian ,inny was 

 defeated by the Austrions under General Radetzky, March 23, 1849, 

 when Carlo Alberto abdicated the throne of Sardinia, aud was succeeded 

 by hii eon, Victor Kiiiinanucl. Alfonso delta Marmora was then raised 

 to the rank of lieutenant-general, aud ws deputed by the king to 

 re organise the stall' of the dispirited and disorganised army a task 

 which he accomplished in uch a manner as to excite the admiration 

 of the military officers of other nations as well as his own. He was 

 i|'l> "int.'d minister of war aud marine, Novembers, 1849, and retained 

 it till he was re-appointed under the new ministry !' November 4, 

 1852. He also held the pout of commander of the military division of 

 Genoa. On the 26th of January 1856 a treaty of alliance was ratified 

 Iwtween Sardinia and the Western Powers, and at the same time a 

 military convention was entered into for Bending a corps of 16,000 

 Sardinian troops to the Crimea, under the command of General della 



