m 



MARTINI, OIAMBATTI8TA. 



MARTIUa CARL FRIEDRICII. 



11) 



her Jsormil husband. Ho became the haul of the 

 >. and it WM from his hand that the Ertatuto Real,' 



witoVal fHnlTH-. Knanated, which, granted in the name of the queen 

 AM cddilUMd o*wooB*titution*l7*tm, with doable chunbcn, 

 I sad abolished the exclusive privilege* of the ancient 

 BIO,,,,,," At~-i contemporaneously with the 'Estatuto, 1 the 

 l de Venecia' wmi produced at Madrid, and had an extra- 

 i of sinuses Martinr* de b Rosa wa* at the tame time 



had begun to OODDOM in 182S, and which he intended to comprise 

 a eouneof political tcioooe, illustrated by example* taken from the 

 kfcrtory of hu own time*. Unfortunately it was aoon ahown by events 

 that hi* apumlsUm of the aign* of the timea was by no means 

 unerring. The abolition of the privilege, of the Basque province* by 

 the ' Ketatoto Real ' led to the adhesion of those province* to the 

 caoM of Don Carlo*; a eivil war commenced, and began to grow in 

 proportion* t II the reaolU were looked to with apprehension at the 

 capital When, at the suggestion of the Duke of Wellington, the 

 treaty with the Carliata called tha ' Eliot Treaty ' waa signed, and an 

 eod wa* pot to the sanguinary reprisal* between the contending 

 armies, the dfeoonteot ofthe populace of Madrid broke out with such 

 illenni *h** aaiaaain* nirrouoded the prime minuter'* carriage as he 

 left th* Cortca and attempted hi* life. It probably did not win him 

 f.vour that be signed in 1885 with the Engluh ambassador, Mr. YiUien 

 (the prewot earl of Clarendon), a convention to more effectually repress 

 the slave trade, which th* English had been ineffectually pressing on 

 aiah government ever unco 1817. Hi* influence went on 

 j till in ISM he surrendered the rein* of government to the 

 Count de Toreno. H ia career as a member of opposition waa the most 

 brilliant parliamentary period of hi* whole life ; nor wa* it long before 

 be again had a place in the ministries which succeeded Toreno'i ; but 



: 



t place 

 events i 



wa* against the moderate party. The ' Estatuto 

 K*aT gave way to the Conctitution of 1812. When, in 1840, the fall 

 Chrittii 





i took place, and Kapartero assumed the regency, 



Martina*, de la Rosa thought it expedient to leave Spain in disguise, 

 He applied himself to continuing the ' Espiritu del Siglo ' at Paris, 

 sod paid a abort visit to London, during which he might be seen 

 quietly engaged over a rare ' Lope de Vega ' in the reading-room of 

 the British Museum. The fall of Espartero and rise of Naryaes brought 

 him back to Madrid as a member of the Narvaez cabinet, and he 

 accepted the post of ambassador to Paris, which he afterwards 

 exchanged, on the election of Pin* IX. to the popedom, for that of 

 smbeeeador to Rome. It i* probable that in taking this post ho had 

 .^LUp.1-^ years of quiet ; he was, as it turned out, involved in the 

 most stirring series of events that the eternal city had witnessed for 

 many centuries. On his return to Spain he was elected President of 

 the Chamber of Peers. He ia alto Perpetual Secretary of the Spanish 

 Academy, a post which hs continued to hold at the time that he was 

 prime tairrrr In 1861 he published the tenth volume of his 



IsyliHu del Siglo,' completing the work, which had thus been in 

 IHi^ies* of composition for eight-and-twenty yean, and of publication 

 lor slits*n The greater part of it is a comment on the rise and pro- 

 gress of the French revolution, in which no striking novelty or 

 brilliancy of view can be observed. The eloquent biographer of 

 Mai tins*, de Rosa, Pacheco, has expressed his regret that so much of 

 hi* time has been devoted to this voluminous publication ; and in 

 that regret there are few who will not share, as well as in the accom- 

 panying remark that an autobiography from the pen of this literary 

 lni*1s r could hardly fail to be a most valuable contribution to the 

 history of th* earlier half of th* 10th century. 



The beat collection yet made of Martinez do la Rosa's miscellaneous 

 works U to be found m three volumes of Baudry's ' Coleccion de los 

 autores E*panols*' (1844-46). Two other volumes of the same 

 eollrotion are occupied with a reprint of part of the ' Espiritu del 

 .Siglo.' The variety Is great, and. except in the case of the Espiritu,' 

 there is no signal failure ; but it is only in some of the poems, espe- 

 cially one on the death of the I-htebee* de Frias, and some of the plays, 

 especially th. comedies, that there is signal excellence. The speeches 

 on which nmeh of hi* reputation is founded have never been collected 

 from the report* of the debate* of the Cortes. With regard to the 

 author** political life, it u related that he himself wrote beneath a 

 i of picture. i.|ifeseiitlng very different event* in bis strangely- 

 .1 career one, hi* return to Granada in 1820 beneath a triumphal 

 and another, on* of the popular tumults of which be was nearly 

 He deserv.J neither the one nor the other." The 

 in hi. political character i* his honesty, which has 

 id in doubt even by hi* opponent*, lie baa been 

 frequently accused by hi* own partisans of serious errors in judgment, 

 and of wsaknsss, and combined with weakness a singular toughness 

 savl tenacity j but all agree in regarding the leader of the moderate party 

 in Spam as a man of honest purpose* and a true lover of his country. 



MAKTl'M. filAMllATTlSTA, well known throughout Europe 

 under the title of the Padre Martini, was born at Bologna in 1706. 

 Early in yooth he entered the order of ht Francis, and, prompted by 



.pint of inquiry and love of antiquity, soon set out on travels 

 which he extended to Asia, on his return from which he *eriu>ly 



van 

 *, 



recommenced the study of music, uudcr the celebrated Ant. 

 lu 1723 he became Maestro di Capella of the convent of his order, 

 which office he retained till his death. " He was," says Dr. Buruey, 

 who knew him well, " regarded during the last fifty years of hi* life 

 as the most profound harmonist, and the best acquainted with the art 

 and science of music, in Italy. All the great masters of hi* time 

 were ambitious of becoming his disciples, and proud of his appro- 

 bation." He was also a composer, and produced much music for the 

 Church, which wa* formerly held in esteem. His sixty Canons in the 

 unison, for two, three, and four voices, are still known, and admired 

 for their smoothness and grace. But the reputation of Padre M.irtiui 

 depends on his Essay on Counterpoint, published in 2 vols. fulio, at 

 Bologna, in 1774 ; and on his ' History of Music,' in 3 vols. 4to, the 

 last of which appeared in 1781. 



Martini's Essay ('Saggio fondamentale practice di Contrappnuto 

 sopra U Conto-Fermo ') is divided into two parts. In the first is a 

 compendium of the rules of counterpoint, explaining clearly and well 

 illustrating the laws of harmony. This is followed by the application 

 of the foregoing to ' Canto- Ferrno,' and succeeded by upwards of sixty 

 compositions by the great masters of the ancient Italian school. The 

 second part is wholly devoted to fugue and canon, and is extremely 

 recondite, containing however too many musical enigmas and other 

 matters which happily have no value in the present day ; but compen- 

 sation is made, for what now can only be considered as laborious 

 trifling, by nearly fifty specimens of composition, in from two to 

 eight parts, by several of the most distinguished of the old Italian 

 masters. 



The History ('Storia della Musica') by Martini was intended to be 

 most voluminous, it is to be presumed, for the third volume only 

 reaches the time of Alexander the Great. What is completed exhibits 

 vast erudition and research, but is grievously defective in plan ; and 

 though valuable as a work of reference, will now be read chiefly by 

 the studious professor and the patient antiquary, who may derive 

 from it much curious and useful information. The materials collected 

 by the author for his purpose were of surprising extent ; the number 

 of volumes in hia library amounted, we are told, to 17,000, of which 

 300 were manuscripts of great rarity ; and a large part of all this he 

 was enabled to purchase and obtain through the generosity and interest 

 of Fariuelli, the famous singer. Martini died in 1784. 



MARTINI, GIUSEPPE SAN, a composer of distinguished merit, 

 and a most celebrated performer on the oboe, an instrument which he 

 may be said to have civilised, was a native of Milan, and arrived in 

 England in 1723. Ho was soon engaged at all the public and private 

 concerts, and in 1740 was taken into the service of the Prince of 

 Wales, and received the appointment of music-master to the princesses. 

 His Twelve Sonatas for two violins and violoncello were long in the 

 highest favour with the public ; but his best work ia his Concertos 

 for a full band, which display great invention, very elegant taste, and 

 a thorough knowledge of his art. He died in 1750. 



MARTINI, VINCENZO, commonly known as Martini of Madrid, 

 was born at Valencia in Spain in 1754. He was Maestro di Capella to 

 the Prince of Asturias in 1785, and has always been thought one of 

 the most agreeable composers of Italian operas. Among his works 

 are ' L'Arbora di Diana,' brought out at Vienna in 17S7, and ' I A Cosa 

 Kara,' produced about the same time, both of which have been every- 

 where popular, particularly the lattar, which is well known on our 

 English as well as on the Italian stages, Stephen Storaoe having intro- 

 duced most of it in Cobb's opera, the ' Siege of Belgrade,' Ho died 

 at St. Petersburg in 1810. 



MARTINO, SIMONE DI. [Mwon, SIMONE.] 



MARTIUS, CAKL FRIEDRICU PHILIP VON, a distinguished 

 German botanist, was born in 1794 at Erlaugen, where his father wan 

 Hofapotheker. He received his early education at the Gymnasium of his 

 native town, and studied medicine in the university, where he took 

 his degree of M.D. He early evinced a taste for botany, and in 1807 

 published the ' Flora Cryptogamia Erlangensis.' This book contained 

 an account of all the nowerless plants of t'.io neighbourhood of 

 KrUngen, and was illustrated with six plates, four of which were 

 devoted to drawings of all the known species of Junycrma,, 

 Germany. 



In 1817 Von Martius accompanied Spix in an expedition sent out 

 by the Austrian and Bavarian governments to the Brazils. In three 

 years the travellers visited the breadth and length of this vast terri- 

 tory, and Martius returned with an herbarium of 7600 species of 

 plants, and a mind deeply impressed with the grandeur and beauty 

 of th* scenes amid which he had travelled. His personal adventures 

 wore published in a work entitled ' Reise noch BrazUion,' whicli was 

 published at Munich in 1824 in three volumes. This work is not only 

 gracefully written, but is rich in observations on the geographical 

 distribution of plants, the ethnology, statistics, and geography of tin- 

 Braxils, and has placed Von Martius as a traveller second to no one 

 but the great Alexander von Humboldt. 



Amongst the plants that most arrested the attention of Von Martius 

 was the noble family of Palms, and to this family he has given the 

 largest share of his attention, and published on them one of the most 

 magnificent monographs that has ever been devote J to n K'"'>|' "f 

 plants. This work which he won several years in publishing was 

 entitled 'Genera ct species Palmarum,' and contains nearly 200 



