MABY STUART. 



MARV, DUCHESS OF WCRTEMBERO. 



IM 



i of the saouot religion. The work of destruction wu 



jsja* onsspMeil. sad the Presbytorisn government established on the 

 ratai at the Roown Catholic, when Mary returned to her native land. 

 little of all this, and bad been taught in France to abhor 

 i opinions : her habits and sentiments were therefore utterly 



with those of her subjects; and, nurtured in the lap of 



eats, she wu wholly unprepared for the shook which wu inevitably 

 to result from her being thrown among them. 



Accordingly tbe very first Sunday alter her arrival she commanded 

 ' an mass to be celebrated in tbe chapel of the palaoe; and, u 

 have been expected, an uproar ensued, the servants of the 

 naspl were insulted and abased, and had not some of the lay nobility 

 ol the Priitostsnt party interposed, ths riot might have become general. 

 The next Sunday Knox preached a violent sermon sgainst idolatry, 

 aad in his discourse be took occasion to say that a single mass was, in 

 bis ss>lssHiiii more to be feared than ten thousand armed men. Upon 

 this, Mary sent for the reformer, desiring to have an interview with him. 

 Tbe interview took place, u well u one or two subsequent ones from 

 a lite cause ; but the only result wu to exhibit the parties more 

 plainly at variance with each other. In one of these fruitless con- 

 ferences the young queen wu bathed in tears before his stern rebukes. 

 Her youth however, her beauty and accomplishments, and her affa- 

 bility, interested many in her favour; and u she bad from the first 

 ~-5-' ** ths government in the hands of the Protestants, the general 

 funs of the country remained unbroken. 



A remarkable proof of the popular favour with which the young 

 queen was regarded, appeared in tbe circumstances attending her 

 msrriats with Darnley. Various proposals had been made to her 

 from different quarters ; but at length she gsve up all thoughts of a 

 foreign "~ and her affections became fixed on her cousin Henry 

 Stuart, lord Dsrnley. the youthful heir of the noble house of Lennox, 

 to whom IBS was united on Sunday, the 29th of July 1585, the ceremony 

 of marriage being performed in the chapel of Holyrood-house, according 

 to the rites of the Romish church. Whether the eueen hsd any right 

 to obooes a husband without consent of parliament, wu in that age, 

 as Robertson observes, a matter of some dispute; but that she had no 

 right to confer upon him, by her private authority, the title and dignity 

 of kinf, or by a simpU proclamation invest him with the character of 

 a sovereign, was beyond all doubt : yet so entirely did she possess the 

 favourable regard of ths nation, that notwithstanding the clamours of 

 the malcontents, bar conduct in this respect produced no symptom 

 of general dissatisfaction. The queen's marriage wu however particu- 

 larly obnoxious to Queen Elisabeth, whose jealous eye had never been 

 withdrawn from her rival. Knox also did not look favourably on it 

 Nevertheless the current of popular opinion ran decidedly iu Mary's 

 favour, sad it wu even remarked that the prosperous situation of her 

 affurs began to work some change in favour of her religion. 



This popularity howev.r wu the result of adventitious circum- 

 stances only. There existed no real sympathy of opinion between 

 Mary and tbe great body of her people ; and whatever led to the 

 manifestation of her religious sentiments dissolved in the same 

 degree the f serins! ion which her youth and accomplishments had 

 SieetJ It is in this way we may account for the assistance given 

 to Darnlev in the assassination oT Kizxio an attendant on Mary, who 

 seems to have come in place of Chatelard. Ths latter wu a French 

 poet who sailed in Mary's retinae when she came over from the Con- 

 tinent; and having gained tbe queen's attention by his poetical 

 , he proceeded, in the indulgence of a foolish attachment for 



her, to a boldness and audacity of behaviour which demanded at last 

 the interpotftioo of ths law, and hs wu condemned sad executed. 

 Kioto. a Piodnonteee by birth, came to Edinburgh in the train of 

 the ambassador from Savoy, a year or so before ChateUrd's execution. 

 He wu skilled in music, bad a polished and ready wit, and like 

 Chatelerd. wrote with eass in French and Italian. His first employ- 

 ment at court wu in his character of a musician ; but Mary soon 

 advanced him to be her French secretary; and in this situation he 

 wu conceived to pauses an influence over the queen which wu equally 

 to Darnb* and the Reformers, though on very different 

 Both therefore concurred in the destruction of the ob- 

 favourite, and be wu sassssiostsd accordingly. Darnley 

 ftorwards disclaimed all concern in the conspiracy ; but it wu plain 

 ths Q**n did not believe and would not forgive him ; and having 

 bat lew qaslittee to secure her regard, her growing contempt of him 

 tnlnstsil in disgust. In ths mean time tbe well known Earl of 

 Both.cU I wu rapidly advancing in the queen's favour, aud at length 

 in opon doaaoo. of all decency, no busioee* wu concluded, no grace 

 J'"*^^ 1 ^^l^I>tWptton. MeauwbuTslsoMary 

 bore a son to Daroley; and after gieat preparations for the event, the 

 baptism of toe young prince wu performed according to the rites of 

 the Uoowh Church. Dan*7 ""If wu soon after seised with the 

 s-j.ll.pom, or some dangerous distemper, the nature and cause of 

 wbkh are not very clear. He wu at Olssgow when be wu taken 

 ill, baring retire thHhsr to hi. father somewhat hutily and unex 

 t**" 1 ^: My wss not with him, nor did she vi.it him for a 



After a short stay thsy returned to Edinburgh together, 

 .7 wu j lodged, not in the palaoe of Holyrood.u heretofore, 

 uuuae of the Kirk of Field, a mansion sUudiUK by itself in 

 an open an 1 solitary part of the town. Ten days afUr, the house wu 



blown up by gunpowder, and Darnley and his servants buried in the 

 ruins. That Mary knew of tbe intended murder is not certain, and 

 different views of the circumstances have been taken by different 

 historians. The author of the horrid deed wu Bothwell, aud the 

 public voice wu unanimous in his reprobation. Bothwell wu brought 

 before the privy-council for the crime ; but the shortness of tbe notice 

 prevented Lennox, his accuser, from appearing. The trial neverthe- 

 less proceeded, or rather the verdict and sentence ; for, without a 

 single witness being examined, liothwell wu acquitted. After 

 this mockery of a trial he wu not only continued in all his 

 influence and employments, but he actually attained the great end 

 which he had in view by the perpetration of the foul act. This wu 

 no other than to marry the queen herself, which he did in three 

 months after his murder of her husband ; having in tbe interval met 

 the queen, and carried her off a prisoner to his castle of Dunbar, and 

 also raised a process of divorce against the Lady Botbwell, bis wife, 

 on the ground of consanguinity, and got a decree in the cause just 

 nine days before the marriage. Before the marriage, also, Mary 

 created Bothwell duke of Orkney ; and the marriage itself wu 

 solemnised at Holyrood-house by Adam Bothwell, bishop of Orkney, 

 according to the forms both of the Komish and Protestant religious. 



[BOTBWEIX]. 



Public indignation could no longer be restrained. The nobles rose 

 against Bothwell and Mary, who fled before an armed and indignant 

 people from fortress to fortress. At length, after they had collected 

 some followers, a pitched battle near Carberry Hill wu about to 

 ensue, ,wheu Mary abandoned Bothwell, and threw herself on the 

 mercy of her subjects. They conducted her first to Edinburgh, and 

 thence to the castlo of Loctileveu, where, u she still persisted to 

 regard Bothwell as her husband, it was determined she should at 

 once abdicate in favour of tbe prince her son James. Instruments 

 of abdication to that effect were accordingly prepared, and she wu at 

 last constrained to affix her signature to them ; upon which the prince 

 wu solemnly crowned at Stirling, 29th of July 1567, when little more 

 than a year old. Mary continued a prisoner at Lochleven ; but by 

 tbe aid of friends, in less thin twelvemonths she effected her escape, 

 and collected a considerable army. The battle of Langeide ensued, 

 where she was completely routed ; upon which she fled towards 

 Galloway, and thence passed into England. Elizabeth refused her an 

 audience, but declared her readine&i to act as umpire between her and 

 her subjects. Mary would not yield to this, or consent to be regarded 

 in any other light than as queen of Scotland. The cons -quence was, 

 that Elizabeth continued to detain Mary aa a captive till the end of the 

 year 1586 a period of about nineteen years when she was accused 

 of bei'jg accessary to Babingtou'g conspiracy agaiuet the queen of 

 England. To try this accusation a commission was appointed by 

 Elizabeth, but Mary at first refused in a very decided manner to 

 acknowledge its j urisdiction. Deluded however by the pretext that 

 she would thus vindicate her character, Mary consented to be tried. 

 The commission accordingly proceeded : Mary was condemned, and, 

 on Wednesday the 8th of February 1587, beheaded at Fotheriugay 

 castle, in the forty-fifth year of her age. She died professing the 

 religion in which she had been brought up, aud to her adherence to 

 which almost as much u to her owu misconduct many of her miseries 

 may be traced. 



In the interval between her trial and execution James made con- 

 siderable efforts to save the life of his mother, though it U said that 

 his ambassador to the English court wu among the most urgent 

 instigators of her execution ; aud after her death James gave utterance 

 to some loud denunciations of what be termed the iu-ult that had 

 been offered to him, but he wu easily pacified, aud the amity previously 

 existing between the English and Scottish courts remained utibrokeu. 

 [ KI.I/AUKIH ; JAMES I.I 



MAltY, DUCHESS OF WORTEMBERG, or the Princess Marie 

 d'Orlcans, wu born in April 1813, during the exile of her father 

 Louis-Philippe, then Duo d'Orleaus, and residing at Palermo with his 

 wife Amelia, second daughter of King Ferdinand of Naples. Tbe 

 Princess Marie spent much of her childhood at Twickenham, near 

 London ; her youth was passed under the care of her inoihrr nt 

 Neuilly, until her father wu raised in 1830 to tbe dignity of King of 

 tbe French. From bur childhood a devoted love for art had U-eu 

 a distinctive feature of her character, and as soon u she wu at uu age 

 to benefit by the instruction of muters, Louis-Philippi commanded 

 some of the most skilful artists iu their several styles to attend upon 

 her. Ary Schefi'er wu her muter in design and (minting, Pierre Jean 

 David instructed her iu modelling and iu sculpture, and Mr. Newton, 

 Fielding taught her drawing in water-colours. She wu married to the 

 Duke of WurUiiuberg iu 1837, and she died at Pisa in January 1838, 

 iu consequence of injuries suffered from the conflagration of her palaoe 

 at Stuttgardt. 



She is said to have left numerous designs, and to have executed 

 many beautiful drawings. Some of her works in sculpture acquired 

 for her a European reputation ; among these her marble statue of 

 Joan of Arc is the most popular. Joan is standing with her eyes 

 fixed upon tbe ground iu deep meditation, her arms are crossed upon 

 her breast, and in her right hand she grasps her sword ; her costume 

 is that of a female and a knight combined. The original ntatuo is of 

 tbe sixc of life, but it has been copied in many materials aud in loauy 



