157 



MAURICIANUS, JCTKIUS. 



MAURY, JEAN SIFFEEIN. 



153 



in 1795, 1798, 1799 ; and a second edition appeared in 1821. In 1798 

 Earl Spencer presented him to the vicarage of 'Wormleighton in 

 Warwickshire : next year he was appointed assistant librarian in the 

 British Museum : in 1800 Bishop Tomline obtained for him the pension 

 that had been held by the poet Cowper: and in 1804 he received from 

 the Lord Chancellor the vicarage of Cudham in Kent. His 'Modern 

 History of Hindustan," in two volumes, appeared in 1802 and 1804. 

 Several other volumes on Eastern history and theology, and attempts 

 in verse, succeeded this work : and one of his last undertakings was 

 his ' Memoirs, comprehending the History of the Progress of Indian 

 Liter.iture, and Anecdotes of Literary Characters in Britain, during a 

 period of thirty years.' Of this work the three volumes appeared in 

 1819, 1820, and 1822. Mr. Maurice died at his apartments in the 

 British Museum. .on the 30th of March 1824. 



MAURICIA'NUS, JU'NIUS, a Roman jurist, who appears to have 

 been writing in the time of the emperor Antoninus Piug, from an 

 expression which he uses (' Dig.' 33, tit. 2, t. 23) ; he was therefore a 

 contemporary of Gains. The only work of his that is mentioned in 

 the Florentine Index is six books Ad Leges. There are four excerpts 

 from Mauricianua in the Digest 



MAURO'LICO, or MARULLO, FRANCIS, abbot of Messina, was 

 born at that place, September 16, 1494, and died there, July 21, 1575. 

 Several accounts, which do not conceal the age which he attained, 

 state that he was prematurely sacrificed to excess of stndy. His life 

 was written by his nephew of the saine name, and was published at 

 Meaina in 1613; we have not seen this work, but it is much used, 

 and fieely quoted, iu the Abbi5 Domenico Scina's ' Elogio,' Palermo, 

 1808, which contains a full but flattered account of the life and 

 writings in question. Maurolico taught mathematics publicly at 

 Meseina, and lived in habits of close friendship with Cardinal Benibo. 

 These, and his being obliged, much against his will, to suppress a part 

 of his dissertation on comets, on account of the offence which some 

 passages gave to certain Venetian noblemen, are the only circum- 

 BtauL-e-s of his personal life which are worth recording. 



The printed works of Maurolico are numerous, and those which he 

 wrote still more so ; a list of all (but without titles or dates for the 

 printed works) is given by the Abbo Scina. Among the former must 

 be mentioned an edition of Autolycug with commentaries, Messina 

 1558, folio; of Archimedes, 1670, and 1681. (or 16851): the Pheno- 

 mena of Euclid, 1588, and an edition of Theodosius and Menclaug iu the 

 same year, which contains a table of secants, being the first intro- 

 duction of these lines ; ' Opuacula/ printed at Venice, 1575, containing 

 treatises on the sphere, the calendar, astronomical instruments, 

 gnouionics, music, and arithmetic; treatise on Cosmography, 1543. 

 Other works have been stated as printed, but we have only inserted 

 those which have good authority. 



Maurolico will be remembered by his geometrical writings, particu- 

 larly his manner of treating the conic sections, by his optical theorems, 

 and by his arithmetical works ; but the interest which attaches to his 

 writings connects them rather with the general history of the science 

 than with hi own biography, as there are no very prominent dis- 

 coveries to record. In bis arithmetic he proceeds upon geometrical 

 principles, as his eulogist states (and with confirmatory descriptions 

 and citations), but at the game time with an attempt to generalise 

 operations into rule-", an 1 to present them in a form closely approaching 

 to the modern algebra, to the spirit of which they approach, without 

 the language. It is to be remembered that before the time of Vieta 

 the method of expressing general formula;, which now constitutes- the 

 foundation of algebraical language, did not exist ; and it seems to as, 

 from such parts of Maurolico' a writings as we have seen cited (the 

 works themselves are very scarce), that the transition from the arith- 

 metic of Eucliil to that of Maurolico is an approach to algebra of a 

 character which deserves more attention than it has met with from 

 historians. Thcs-; writers, so far as algebra is concerned, do not even 

 mention the name of Maurolico, a circumstance which must be explained 

 probably by the latter not being in the line of investigation of Cardan, 

 Tartaglia, and those who lie in the direct track between the Hindoo 

 algebra and that of Vieta. Nevertheless the propositions of Maurolico 

 on the summation of series, and the methods by which they were 

 deduced, form a very carious step in the progress of arithmetical 

 inquiry. 



MAURUS TERENTIA'NUS, a Latin grammarian, who is said to 

 have kjeen born at Carthage. The time in which he lived is uncertain. 

 Vossius supposes him to have been the same Terentianus who is 

 addressed by Martial as the prefect of Syene in Egypt (' Epigram,' i. 

 87) ; and he at all events lived during or before the time of St. Augus- 

 tine, since he is mentioned by the latter in terms of the highest respect. 

 ('De Civitate Dei,' vi. 2; 'De Utilitate Credendi,' c. 17.) 



The only work of Maurus which has come down to us is entitled 

 ' De Litteri*, Syllabis, I'edibus, et Metria Carmen.' It is included in 

 the Grammatici Veteres,' edited by Putschius, Hanover, 1605; and 

 has been also edittd by D. J. V. Lennep, Leydeu, 1825, and by Lach- 

 mann, Leipzig, 1336. 



MAI KY, JKAX 8IFFREIN, Cardinal, was born on the 26th of 

 June, 1746, at Vaurdas, in the Venaiasin, of poor but respectable 

 parent*. He (bowed at a very early age a great disposition for 

 learning, and, being destined by hig parents for the ecclesiastical pro- 

 fen-ion, he was placed at the seminary of St. Garde, at Avignon, to 



pursue his theological studies. At the age of eighteen he proceeded 

 to Paris, in the expectation of earning a subsistence by the cultivation 

 of his talents. Though he was without friends in that city, his first 

 publication attracted considerable notice. Encouraged by this early 

 success he took orders, and devoted himself to the study of pulpit 

 eloquence. In 1772 an ' Eloge ' on Fe'ue'lon, which he published, 

 was favourably received by the French Academy, aud caused him to 

 be appointed vicar-general of the Bishop of Lombez. He however 

 soon returned to Paris, where he became very popular as a preacher. 

 A panegyric of St. Louis, which he delivered before the French 

 Academy, and one of St. Augustine before an assembly of the clergy, 

 met with so much success that the abbey of Frenade in the diocese 

 of Saintes was bestowed upon him by the King, Louis XVI., who like- 

 wise appointed him preacher to the court. In 1785 he became a 

 member of the Academy in the place of the lyric poet Lefranc de 

 Pompignan ; and the following year the valuable benefice of the 

 priory of Lioris was conferred upon him. At the assembly of the 

 States-General in 17S9 he was named deputy of the clergy for the 

 bailiwick of Pfronne, and soon took a prominent part in the debates. 

 From the first he enlisted himself on the aristocratic side, where his 

 energetic eloquence and peculiar talent at reply rendered him a 

 formidable antagonist to Mirabeau. [MIBABEAU.] His impressive 

 and impassioned oratory, though it expressed opinions hostile to the 

 great majority of the assembly, was often listened to with admiration 

 and greeted with applause. His great moral courage and firm adhe- 

 rence to the principles which he had adopted, and which in spite of 

 the most violent opposition and in the face of the greatest danger ho 

 earnestly advocated, secured for him the respect and esteem of the more 

 enlightened portion of his enemies. On the 27th of November 1790, 

 a decree was passed in the National Assembly, by which every eccle- 

 siastic in the kingdom was required to take an oath to maintain with 

 all his power the new constitution ; aud, in case of any priest's refusal 

 it was declared that be should be held to have renounced his benefices. 

 To this constitution the pope had refused his sanction, on account of 

 its hostility to the interests of the church, and the oath was indig- 

 nantly refused by the great majority of the Clergy. When the day 

 arrived for the taking it by the bishops aud clergy of the Assembly, 

 an infuriated mob surrounded the hall, threatening death to all who 

 should refuse. On this occasion also Maury displayed his usual 

 intrepidity, and boldly advocated the independence of his order. 

 " Strike, but hear me," was his exclamation, when the last efforts of 

 his impassioned eloquence in that Assembly were interrupted by the 

 incessant cries of his political antagonists. At the close of the stormy 

 session of the National Assembly, Maury, who could lend no further 

 aid to the prostrate cause of royalty and religion, quitted his native 

 country, and, at the invitation of Pius VI., took up his residence at 

 Rome. He was there received with the highest distinction, and the 

 losg of his benefices in France was more than compensated by his 

 speedy elevation to the highest situations in the Roman church. In 

 1792 he was named Archbishop of Nicsca " in partibus infidelium," 

 and afterwards appointed apostolical nuncio to the diet held at 

 Frankfurt for the election of the Emperor Francis II. This mission 

 accomplished, in 1794 he was elevated to the dignity of a cardinal, 

 and was institute 1 to the united sees of Monte- Fiascoue and Corneto. 

 On the invasion of Italy by the French in 1798, though every effort 

 was made to seize Cardinal Maury, he escaped uuder disguise to Venice, 

 where he assisted at the conclave assembled for the election of Pius VII. 

 In 1799 he returned to Rome upon the conquest of Italy by Suwarrow, 

 and was accredited as ambassador to his exiled king, Louis XVIII., 

 who was at that time residing at Mittau. This office he resigned on 

 the reconciliation of the Church of Rome with the government of 

 France under Napoleon, on which occasion he addressed to the First 

 Consul a letter, couched in the most submissive language, praying for 

 permission to return to France. This letter, which was deemed not to 

 be in unison with the tenor of his former conduct, subjected him in 

 after-times to the reproaches and persecutions of the party whom he 

 had served with so much personal hazard. Napoleon gladly received 

 the proposal of a reconciliation with so distinguished a member of the 

 Church whose establishment he was restoring in France : an interview 

 took place between them at Genoa, and in May 1806 Maury re-appeared 

 at Paris. The flattering reception ha there met with was calculated 

 to attach him to the interests of this chief, who admitted him to his 

 intimacy, and availed himself of his counsels in ecclesiastical matters. 

 He received the pension assigned to the dignity of a Freucb. cardinal, 

 and was appointed First Almoner of Jerome .Bonaparte. In 1807 ho 

 was elected a member of the Institute in the place of Target, one of 

 the advocates of the unfortunate Louis XVI. His acceptance in 1810 

 of the archbishopric of Paris subjected him to the displeasure of 

 Pius VII., between whom and Napoleon there had arisen much dis- 

 agreement. Cardinal Maury was a warm and sincere admirer of the 

 emperor, and he not only espoused his cause in the disputes with the 

 head of the Church, but took every occasion, which the frequent 

 victories of this chief afforded him, of testifying his gratitude by tho 

 expressions of admiration which were contained iu his mandates to the 

 clergy of his diocese. These mandates, written in a stylo of the most 

 florid eloquence, do not remind us of the impressive and energetic 

 orator of the National Assembly : they were severely criticised by the 

 adherents of the ancient regime, and by the witty frequeaters of tho 



