161 



MAXIMINUS, DAIA. 



MAXIMUS, THE GREEK. 



163 



encamped on the banks of the Rhine, he conspired against his sove- 

 reign, and induced some of his companions to murder him in his tent, 

 as well an his mother Mammaoa, A.D. 235. 



Maximinua, being proclaimed emperor, named his son, also called 

 M.'iximinus, Ca:sar and his colleague in the empire. He continued 

 the war against the Germans, and devastated a large tract of country 

 beyond the Rhine, after which he repaired to Illyricum to fight 

 the Dacians and Sarmatians. But his cruelty and rapacity roused 

 enemies against him in various parts of the empire. The province oi 

 Africa revolted, and proclaimed Gordianus, who was soon after 

 acknowledged by the senate and the people of Rome, A.D. 237. 



But Capellianus, governor of Mauritania for Maximinus, defeated 

 Gordianus and his son, who fell in the struggle, after a nominal reign 

 of little more than a month. [GORDIANUS, MARCUS ANTONIUS AFRI- 

 CANDS.] Rome was in consternation at the news, expecting the 

 vengeance of Maximinus. The senate proclaimed emperors Clodius 

 Pupienus Maximus and Decimua Cselius Balbinus, but the people 

 insisted upon a nephew of the younger Gordianus, a boy twelve years 

 of age, being associated with them. Maximus marched out of Rome 

 with troops to oppose Maximinus, who had crossed the Isonzo and 

 laid siege to Aquileia. Maximinus experienced a brave resistance from 

 the garrison and people of that city, which excited still more his 

 natural cruelty, and the soldiers, being weary of him, mutinied, and 

 killed both him and his son, in 233. Maximinus the father, then 

 sixty-five years old, was a ferocious soldier and nothing else, and won- 

 derful tales are related of his voracity, and the quantity of food and 

 drink that he swallowed daily. His son is said to have been a hand- 

 some but arrogant youth. (Capitolinus, in ' Historia Augusta.') 



Coin of Maximinus. 

 British Museum. Actual size. Copper. 



MAXIMI'NUS, DAIA, or DAZA, an Illyrian peasant, served in the 

 Roman armies, and was raised by Galerius, who was his relative, to 

 the rank of military tribune, and lastly to the dignity of Caesar, 

 A.D. 303, at the time of the abdication of Diocletian and Maximianus, 

 when be had for his share the government of Syria and Egypt. After 

 the death of Galerius, in 311, Maximinus and Licinius divided his 

 dominions between them, and Maximinus obtained the whole of the 

 Asiatic provinces. Both he and Licinius behaved ungratefully towards 

 the family of Galerius, their common benefactor. Valeria, the 

 daughter of Diocletian and widow of Galerius, having escaped from 

 Licinius into the dominions of Maximinus, the latter offered to marrj 

 her, and on her refusal banished her with her mother into the deserts 

 of Syria. He persecuted the Christians and made war againat the 

 Armenians. A new war having broken out between Licinius and 

 Maximinus, the latter advanced as far as Adrianople, but was defeated, 

 fled into Asia, and died of poison at Tarsus in 313. 



Coin of Maximinns. 

 British Museum. Actual size. 



MAXIMCS, C. P. [BALBINUS, D. C.] 



MA'XIMUS MAGNUS was a native of Spain, or, as some think, 



without much probability, of Britain. He accompanied Theodosius 



in several of his expeditions, and was with him, in tho capacity of 



general, in Britain in 368, and remained there several years. Whilst 



there ho is said to have married Helena, daughter of a wealthy 



liritish noble of Caerscgont (Caernarvon), in Wales, but this is very 



l.'iijtfuL The measures of Gratian having excited discontent among 



the soldiery, the army in Britain revolted, and proclaimed Maximus 



emperor, A.D. 383. He immediately proceeded to Gaul, whither 



'Jr.itian advanced to meet him, but being deserted by most of his 



', he was easily defeated by the usurper near Paris, and forced 



to fly. Ho was, however, overtaken at Lyon, and put to death ; and 



Mn.ximus was acknowledged as emperor throughout Gaul, Spain, and 



i, mi'l recognised as sole emperor of those provinces by 



mim and Vulentinian. But Maximus having determined on 



ing Italy also, crossed the Alps, and compelled Valentinian to 



WOO. BIT. VOL. IV. 



take flight, in 387. Theodosius however now came with all tho force 

 he could muster to the aid of his colleague. The troops of Maximus 

 were unable to oppose any successful resistance, and the emperor 

 was driven to take refuge in Aquileia. Thither Theodosius followed 

 him and stormed the city. Maximus was taken, loaded with chains, 

 and carried before Theodosius, who, after reproaching him for his 

 ambition, ordered him to be beheaded, August 388. [GKATIANUS; 

 THEODOSIUS.] 



Coin of Maximus Magnus. 

 British Museum. Actual size. Gold. 



MAXIMUS, PLANUDES. [PLANUDES MAXIMUS.] 



MAXIMUS, RUTILIUS, a Roman jurist, whose period is uncertain, 

 but he probably wrote under Severus and Caracalla. The only work 

 of his mentioned in the Florentine Index is ' Ad Legem Falcidiam,' 

 or a commentary on the Lex Falcidia. ('Dig.' 30, s. 125). There 

 is one excerpt from Maximus in the Digest. 



Q. CORNELIUS MAXIMUS, a contemporary of Cicero, was the master 

 of C. Trebatius Testa, the friend of Cicero and Horace (Cicero, ' Ad 

 Diversos,' vii. 8, 17 ; 'Dig.' 1, tit. 2, s. 2, s. 45). There is no excerpt 

 from his writings in the Digest, but he is once cited by Alfenus 

 Varus (' Dig.' 33, tit. 7, s. 16), who prefers his opinion to that of 

 Servius on the question that if a vinea (vineyard) was bequeathed 

 with the " inetrumentum," the word " instrurnentum " comprised the 

 rakes, spades, poles, and stakes. 



MA'XIMUS TY'RIUS, a rhetorician and Platonic philosopher, lived 

 in the latter half of the 2nd century , during the reigns of the Antonines 

 and of Commodus. He resided principally at Athene, but sometimes 

 visited Rome : he does not seem to be the same person as the stoic 

 Claudius Maximus, who was one of the philosophical friends of the 

 Emperor M. Aurelius, though some critics have been of this opinion. 

 (' Life of Aurelius,' by J. Capitolinus, c. 3.) 



There are extant forty-one dissertations (SiaAe'jffiy or \6yoi) of Maxi- 

 mus Tyrius on various points connected with the Platonic philosophy, 

 which are written in an easy and pleasing style, and mora commend- 

 able for the expression than the matter. The following examples will 

 give some idea of the subject of these dissertations : ' On Plato's 

 opinion respecting the Deity ; ' ' Whether we ought to return Injuries 

 done to us ; ' ' Whether an Active or a Contemplative Life is to 

 be preferred ; ' ' Whether Soldiers or Husbandmen are more useful 

 in a State ; ' 4 On the Dsemonium of Socrates ; ' ' Whether Prayers 

 should be addressed to the Deity,' &c. 



The best editions of Maximus Tyrius are by Stephanus, Paris, 1557; 

 by Heinsius, Leyden, 1607, 1614, reprinted at Oxford, 1677; by 

 Davis, Cambridge, 1703, reprinted at London with notes by Mark- 

 land, 1740. The dissertations have been translated into French by 

 Morel, Paris, 1607, by Forney, 1764, and by Dounais, 1802; into 

 Italian by Petro de Bardi, Venice, 1642; and into German by C. T. 

 Damm, Berlin, 1764. There is, we believe, no English translation of 

 this author. 



There were several other ancient writers of the name of Maximus, 

 of whom the most celebrated was Maximus of Ephesus, who initiated 

 Julian into the Eleusinian mysteries, and had subsequently great 

 influence in the councils of that emperor. 



MA'XIMUS, THE GREEK, a celebrated personage in Russian 

 church history, was a native of Arta in Albania, where he was born 

 towards the end of the 1 5th century. After studying at Paris, Florence, 

 and other cities then distinguished as seats of learning, he entered the 

 cloister of Mount Athos, where he took tho monastic vows ; but the 

 Grand Duke Vassili Ivanovieh, having desired the Patriarch of Con- 

 stantinople to send two persons to arrange and describe a vast number 

 of Greek manuscripts and books that had recently been discovered iu 

 some part of the palace, the choice fell upon Maximus for one of them. 

 He accordingly set out for Moscow, and was astonished to meet with 

 such a prodigious store of Greek literature. He was directed by Vassili 

 ,o examine the books, and to select such as were most deserving of 

 iranslation ; but as he was then wholly ignoraut of the Slavonic tongue, 

 i had first to prepare a Latin version, which was afterwards rendered 

 )y others into Slavonian. It was thus that the translations of a 

 Psalter with a commentary, and Chrysostom's ' Homilies on St. John,' 

 were produced. Desirous of returning to his couvent, it was only at 

 ,ho instances of the Tzar, who wished him to revise the earlier trans- 

 ated books of the Greek Church, that he remained and undertook that 

 ask, for which he was then qualified by having obtained in the interim 

 a competent knowledge of Slavonian. The diligence with which he 

 xecuted it tended however only to raise up numerous enemies against 

 lim, among the rest Daniel, the metropolitan ; for tho corrections he 

 deemed it requisite to make were so numerous as to give great offence 

 o the more zealous. What more immediately tended to Ms disgrace 



