165 



MAYHEW, HENRY. 



MAZARIN, JULES. 



160 



Declination of the Magnetic Needle aa deduced from Theory ; ' ' On 

 the Inequalities of Jupiter." In addition to the above there appeared 

 at Gottingen, in 1775, in folio, edited by George Lichtenberg, his suc- 

 ct-ssor at the observatory of Gottingen, the first volume of what was 

 intended to be a complete edition of Mayer's works. This, which. is 

 the only volume that has been published, consists of six memoirs 

 entitled, 1, 'A Method of determining more correctly the Variations 

 of the Thermometer : a Formula for determining ti.e mean Tempera- 

 ture of Different Latitudes, and the Period of the Year corresponding 

 to the greatest Intensity of Heat and Cold ; ' 2, ' Observations made 

 with his mural Quadrant of six feet radius ; ' 3, ' An ea?y Method of 

 calculating the Kclipses of the Sun;' 4, 'A Memoir on t':e Affinity 

 of Colour?,' wherein he recognises but three primitive co'ours, 5, 

 his ' New Catalogue of Stars : ' 6, 'A List of Eighty Stars,' in which 

 he believed he had detected a motion, in addition to tint re-ulting 

 from the precession of the equinoxes. 



(' Notice of the Life of Mayer," by M. Delambre, in the Sloy. Univ.; 

 Hutton, Mathematical Dictionary ; and Montucla, Hist. des. Math.) 



*MAYHEW, HENRY, was born November 25, 1812, in London, 

 where his father was a solicitor in good practice. He was sent for 

 education to Westminster School, where he continued some time, but 

 did not take kindly to the discipline, twice ran away, and before he. 

 hud completed his course of study was placed on board a ship-of-war, 

 in which lie made a voyage to Calcutta. On his return to England 

 he was articled to his father, in whose office he remained three years. 

 He afterwards rusticated for a time in Wales, but, returning to 

 Louden, commenced the course of literary occupation in which he has 

 siuee been uninterruptedly employed. He assisted iu starting the 

 periodical called ' Figaro in London," and in partnership with the late 

 Mr. Gilbert A'Beckett, who had been his school-fellow at Westminster, 

 took the Queen's Theatre, near Tottenham Court Road, where he 

 brought out his farce of ' The Wandering Minstrel." This speculation 

 WBS entered into without capital, aud terminated without profit. In 

 1841 he was the principal agent in the establishment of the well- 

 known periodical, ' Punch," of which he was for some years the editor, 

 but retired from it in consequence of a difference with the proprietors. 

 He was also the editor of the 'Comic Almanac," aud has since been 

 employed not only in contributing largely to magazines and other 

 periodicals, but baa published several works in his own name. 



In 1842 Mr. Mayheiv published ' What to teach, and how to teach 

 it," a small treatise on education, in which he argues vigorously agaiust 

 the system of teaching usually adopted in schools, and agaiust all 

 task-work, flogging, and prizes, contending that the pupil ought to be 

 induced to pursue his studies by the delight which the mind naturally 

 experiences from the acquisition of knowledge ; and that the teacher 

 should communicate the information himself, rather than oblige the 

 scholar to acquire it from books. Under the influence of this train 

 of reasoning he perhaps recommends a system not generally practi- 

 cable, but the work contains truths and suggestions worthy the attention 

 of parents as well as professional teachers. During the period from 

 1846 to 1850 there were published several works 'By the Brothers 

 Mayhew,' illustrated by George Cruikshank, in the composition of 

 which perhaps Henry Mayhew had some share, but which were 

 probably for the moat part the productions of two of hi* brothers, 

 Augustus and Horace. They are of a humorous character, but are 

 coarse, broadly farcical, generally overcharged with modern slang, and 

 containing little of the true imitation of either life or nature. The 

 principal of these joint productions arc the following : ' The'Good 

 Genius that turned Everything into Gold, or the Queen Bee and the 

 Magic Dref, a Christmas Fairy Tale,' 1846 ; ' The Greatest Plague of 

 Life, or the Adventures of a Lady in Seal ch of a Servant," 1847; 

 ' Whom to Marry and how to get Married, or the Adventures of a Lady 

 in Search of a Good Husbaud," ISIS ; ' The Image of his Father, or 

 One Boy is more Trouble than a Dozen Girls, being a Tale of a Young 

 Monkey," 1848 ; ' The Mngic of Kindness, or the Wondrous Story of 

 the Good Huau," 1849. Another brother, Edward Mayhew, besides 

 contributing perhaps to the above works and to magazines and news- 

 papers, has published some works on the management and medical 

 treatment of cattle, horses, and dogs. About the time of the opening 

 of the Great Exhibition of Industry, Mr. Henry Mayhew published 

 in his own name, ' 1851, or the Adventures of Mr. and Mrs. Sandboys 

 ' tmily, who came up to London to enjoy themselves, and to see 

 the 8r> at Exhibition," illustrated by George Cruikshauk. 



Mr. Henry Mayhew's most important work is ' London Labour and 

 the London Poor, a Cyclopaedia of the Condition and Earnings of 

 those that will work, those that cannot work, and those that will not 

 v.oik,' 2 voU. 8vo, 1851, &c. This work is incomplete, and has been 

 in consequence, as Mr. Mayhew elates, of its having been 

 thrown into the Court of Chancery, owiog to the claims of contending 

 parties arising from matters over which the author had no control. 

 1'hiii work originated in a series of inquiries into the condition of the 

 poor of Londou, the results of which were published in the 'Morning 

 licle ' in the form of letters. The sketches of the condition and 

 characters of the poorest classes of London were highly effective, and 

 excited much attention; but a suspicion gradually arose that the 

 iiccouuts were exaggerated, and had been overcharged for tho sake of 

 effect. In one of tho series an attack was made on the Ragged 

 School', which co'ild not afterwards bo mbstantiated, and thus some 



degree of discredit was thrown over the whole. Still the work con- 

 tains a vast amount of information obtained from the people them- 

 selves, at the same time that it exhibits the condition of their homes 

 and families from personal observation. Mr. Mayhew had several 

 assistants in his labours of investigation. He mentions particularly 

 Mr. Henry Wood aud Mr. Richard Kuight (late of the City Mission). 

 While he was engaged in this work he published anonymously ' The 

 Mortnone, or Latter-Day Saints, a Contemporary History,' cr. 8vo, 

 1852. Diving the interruption of the ' Loudou Labour aud London 

 Poor," Mr. Mayhew published two educational works, written iu a 

 narrative form, for boys in humble life, aud intended partly for their 

 instruction, but chiefly perhaps as a stimulus to self-educatiou. The 

 first of these is 'The Story of the Peasant-Boy Philo.-opher' (founded on 

 the life of James Ferguson), ISmo, 1854, and treats of the mechanical 

 powers, the construction of a clock and watch, and so much of 

 astronomy as relates to the measurement of time by the motions of 

 the earth and moon, the observation of the stars, &c. Tha other 

 work is ' The Wonders of Science ' (founded on tho life of Humphry 

 Davy), 18mo, 1855, and treats of the diffusion of heat, the effects of 

 heat, the safety-lamp, the refraction of light, the reflection of light, 

 and phptography. Both the works are copiously illustrated by wood- 

 cuts and diagrams. The work on which Mr. Mayhew is ;it present 

 engaged (December 183B) is ' The Great World of London,' 8vo. 

 The nine numbers already published consist of a brief topographical 

 sketch, and of a full description of the prisons of London aud its 

 suburbs, illustrated by wood-engravings. The materials have obviously 

 been derived from actual inspection and careful personal investigation. 

 The work, if completed upon its present scale, must occupy several 

 volumes. In the spring of this year Mr. Mayhew issued a prospectus 

 of an association for the reformation of criminals, and held two or 

 three meetings, which were attended by that ckss of persons, some of 

 whom detailed their experiences. The machinery of the proposed 

 association was to consist of a home for prisoners after their discharge 

 from jail, a bank for deposits or loans, a school for iustructiou, &c. 

 We have not seen any notice of tho actual establishment of .this 

 benevolent institution. 



MAYNE, JASPER, was born in 1604, in Devonshire. After having 

 continued at Westminster School till nineteen years old, he was 

 entered as a servitor of Christchurch, Oxford ; and iu 1031 he com- 

 menced M.A. Taking holy order.?, he became a popular preacher ; 

 aud, being presented by his college to two livings in the neighbour- 

 hood, continued to reside in the university. He was created 1).I). in 

 1646. Firmly devoted to the royal cause, he was deprived of his 

 ttudent's place in 1648, und soon lost both of his vicarages. But his 

 spirit was unbroken; and in 1652 he held a public disputation with 

 a noted Anabaptist preacher. Afterwards he resided, till the Restora- 

 tion, as chaplain in the family of the Karl of Devonshire. In 1660 

 he was restored to his livings; he then became chaplain in ordinary 

 to the king, a canon of Chriatchurch, and archdeacon of Chichester. 

 He died at Oxford in 1672, aud was buried in the aisle adjoining to 

 the choir of Christchurch. Dr. Mayne published, iu 1662, a transla- 

 tion of a part of Lucian's 'Dialogues; ' and alto several sermons ami 

 scattered poems. But he is now remembered ouly through thu 

 humour which marked bis conversation, aud which gave birth to two 

 plays of his: 1, 'The City Match, a Comedy,' folio, 1639; 4to, 1658; 

 8vo, 1659; and in the ninth volume of Dodsley's 'Old Plays;' a 

 work considerably more amusing than decorous, and especially livrly 

 in its eatire on the Puritans; 2, 'The Amorous Warre, a tragi- 

 comedy,' 4to, 1648. 



MAYO, HERBERT, M.D., a distinguished medical writer, whose works 

 on physiology, although now to some extent superseded, were iu con- 

 siderable advance of hia time. The first, by which he made himself 

 known was, 'Anatomical aud Physical Commentaries,' published in 

 8vo in 1822 ; followed by a smaller work in 12mo in 1825, ' A Course. 

 of Dissections for the Use of Students." In 1827 he published iu 

 8vo, 'Outlines of Human Physiology," of which several editions have 

 been published ; and in the same year, in folio, ' A Series of Engravings 

 intended to illustrate the Structure of the Brain aud Spinal Cord in 

 Man." On the establishment of King's College he was appointed 

 Professor of Anatomy and Physiology, which office he held till 1836, 

 when ho left in consequence of having become a candidate for u 

 similar office at University College. In 1837 he issued 'The Philo- 

 sophy of Living," iu 8vo and 12uio; and the 'Management of thu 

 Organs of Digestion,' in 12iuo; iu 1840, in 8vo, 'A Treatise on 

 Syphilis ;' and in 1S42, 'The Nervous System aud its Functions.' 

 About tliis time he became a convert to the theory of mesmerism, 

 aud wrote many papers in the ' Medical Gazette," strongly advocating 

 his newly-adopted opinions. Subsequently he also adopted hydro- 

 pathy. His practice as a medical mau full off, aud he at length 

 removed to Germany iu order to follow his profession as a hydro- 

 pathist. He settled at Bdd-Weilbach, near Mainz, on tha Shine, aud 

 there died on August 15, 1852. The product of his later opinions 

 was the 'Cold- Water Cure, its use and misuse examined," published 

 in 1842; and 'Letters ou the Truths contained iu Popular Super- 

 stitions," issued at Frankfort in 1849, aud re-issued ill LouJou iu 

 1851, with ' An Account of Mesmerism.' 



MAZARIN, JULES (properly MAZZAKIXO, Grouo), the cardinal 

 and celebrated minister of Louis XIV. of France, v.as descended from 



