MAZAIUS, JULEa 



MAZZINI, QUISKPPK. 



m 



family, and torn on (he 14th of July 1602, matt 

 ps*b*bb U PMdua, MW tb* Lake of Celsno. in Abruzzo Citra, though 

 fcMJ^ WtUrs of naturalisation granted him in Franc* in 1C39 it U stated 

 tbai be a bom at Horn*. H* wai undoubtedly educated at Itouie 

 by U* Jc.uiU, and at Ui* am of seventeen went to Spain to study 

 Uw w tbe owv*niii*s of Alcala and Salamanca. In 1822 he returned 

 to ROOM, and shortly afterward* entered tb* military service. In 1625 

 k* bad attained tb* rank of captain, and wai serving in the army of 

 Urban VI1L, in tb* Valullina, wbcre a raligioui war bad been 

 for com* yean. Maxarin'a UlenU ai a lUtetman were her* 

 be WM employed to negotiate with the French and 

 DiaiiUhlinnli; by hi* addreei be gained the confidence of both, 

 awl bi* labours led to the peace of Moncon in 1626. The war boin? 

 eadtil. Mazarin resumed in ltou.e the study of jurisprudence. Shortly 

 afUrwarda tb* contorted sucoeaaion to the duchy of Mantua, in which 

 Franc* rapporUd tb* pretensions of the Count de Keren : the Emperor 

 of Germany, tb* King of Spain, snd tie Duke of Savoy, those of the 

 Dak* of Guastella ; led Top* Urban to fear another war in Italy. To 

 (mat Ibis, Cardinal Saccbelti wai ^nt to Turin aa a mediator, and 

 Maxarin (wbo now received a Doctor's degree) was given him as an 

 s**i slant Saocbotti at one* percaiTed bis talent, gave him his entire 

 coonVUoe*, and in fact devolved upon him tho entire management of 

 tb* D**ociatioo. It wu not immediately *ucce*sful ; for in 1620 

 Looi* XI It. in person invaded Savoy, took Suza, and forced the Duke 

 of Savoy to abandon bi* alliance with Spain. Sacchetti returned to 

 Bom*, leaving Mazarin, with th* title of ' internuncio,' to continua 

 tb* Mgooiatiooa. Urban then sent bis nephew, the Cardinal Barberiui, 

 to replace 8accb*tti ; and Barbrriui found Mazarin as indispensable as 

 bis predecessor bad don*. Matarin laboured hard, though for come 

 time ineffectually, to restore peace. He visited tbe contending 

 powers ; and in 1630 he first saw Louis XIII. and Cardinal Richelieu, 

 wbo both formed a high opinion of him, and this visit proved the 

 first step to bis future eminence. In the following year (1631) he 

 aaooeeded in effecting tb* treaty of Cherasco, by which peace was 

 restored, bat in which Mazarin displayed considerable trickery in 

 favour of France. By this unfair partiality he acquired the hatred of 

 tb* courts of Spain and Germany, and the thanks of Louis and 

 Biebdiao, wbo recommended " tbe able negociator " to 'the favour of 

 tbe pop*. To enable him to receive the reward for his services, he a 

 eoood time relinquished tho sword for the gown, aud bad an office in 

 tb* cbancery of Horn* conferred on him. 



In 1884 be was named vice-legate to Avignon, but was sent to Paris 

 aa nuncio to intercede with Louh XIII. in favour of the Duke of 

 Lorraine, of whose duchy Louis bad taken possession. Mazarin, in this 

 part of bi* mission, did not succeed; probably he was not very 

 earewt in hk supplications, for it is said ho neglected no means of 

 making himself agreeable to Louis and bis powerful minister Riche- 

 lieu. His effort* in this direction were far more fortunate. He re- 

 turned to Horn* in 1S aa the avowed supporter of French interests, 

 and on tbe death of KicluUeu's celebrated confidant Father Joseph, 

 Pop* Urban was solicited by Louis and his minister to bostow the 

 cardinal's bat upon Mazarin which had been promised for father 

 Joseph. Urban refused, and in 1 689 Mazarin quitted Italy for France. 

 In 1840 be was nominated ambassador to Savoy, where, after a short 

 war, b* was enabled to restore peace, and in 141 he was at length 

 raised to tb* rank of cardinal. Mazarin, in France, was a faithful and 

 ^"iT^f" .*, Ricl lieu . P>oially during the famous conspiracy 

 b*ad*d by Henri d* Cinq-Mars, which ended by his execution in Sept. 

 1M1 This was Kicbelira's but triumph. In the following December 

 b* died, recommending on bis death-bed that Louis should receive 

 Manrin as bis own successor. Louis was sufficiently predisposed in 

 Maxarin's favour to accede to this wish. Mazarin as prime minister 

 adopted a mil'Ur and more conciliatory line of conduct than Richelieu 

 bad doe ; and be released from their imprisonment Bassompierre and 



other political victims. H* also succeeded in inducing Louis X 1 1 1 

 a eoondl of regency, to govern for his infant sou in case of hi 

 - of himself, tbe Duke of Orleans, the 1-rinco of 

 w Segaier, and tb* secretariat of state, Bouthillicr 

 and Cbavigny. Louis dux! on May 14, 1643. 

 IVom thai period tb* history of llazarin's life is that of tbe hi.tory 

 Franc*, and will b. found noticed under Louia XIV. One 



i v^c- ^JfP"? '"nlo'xxl : n* attachment formed by 

 IV for on* of his nieces, Marie Manciui, the daughter of a 

 Jstattt by Hasarin-. *Ur. Loui* it is stated, wo. 

 marrying ner, but Mauriu prevented it, by sending her to 

 July, and ultimately marrying her to Prince Colonna, a union which 

 Tb* lady involved herself iu some curious and 

 ^JT 1 ^escaping fw b*r husband, and mad* more 

 Mtnpt to revive tb* passion* of Louis in her favour; but 

 id ifrown cold, refused even to se* her, and she at last retired to a 

 Md took th. veU. After governing France with great 

 ad j*t as Louis XIV. was arriving at an age when he felt 

 iZsi f T^" for go*"*- for himlf, Mazarin died on 

 Ml. In 16*0 some letters, written by Mazarin during the 

 JL S* ?* f "" Py^^. " published, additional 

 ^~VT* P" U ^ > 1 1". "xl in 1745 others were added, and 

 tb. wboU arnng^l uader tb. title of Uttres ' " 

 Ob I'oa voit 1* Mer*t d* negotiation d* la Paix 



- ', 

 tb.eai 



5TS,i 



were written fur the information and instruction of the young king, 

 and form useful examples of clearness and precision in diplomatic 

 writings. 



MA2KPPA, Hetman (U it is, commander-in-chiel) of the Cossaks 

 of tbe Ukraine, has become celebrated by a poem of Lord (Byron, 

 which has for its su' j.^'. his extraordinary adventure. He was the 

 son of a Polish gentleman in Podolia, and served for some time as a 

 ; ago ut the court of King John Casimir (who reigned 164S-1C8S), 

 \vhvra he acquired some education. On his return to his native province 

 be carried on an intrigue with the wife of one of bis neighbour*. Being 

 surprised by tbe offended husband, be was 1-ouud by his orders, 

 according to tbe current story, to one of those wi. ,1 horses which roam 

 in a half-savage state about the Ukraire, and the auiu..,l was turned 

 loose. The frightened horse ran with his unwilling burden, till it 

 reached the country of the Cossaks, whcr.i Mazeppa, who was in n. 

 teusoless state, was released from his dangerous position. Being 

 restored to health by the kind treata.cn t, of the Cossaks, he entered 

 into their service, and rose by degrees to the rank of their supreme 

 commander. The story however as related in the contemporary 

 memoir* of Passek, which were some thirty years ago published in 

 l'uli-u, iii to the effect that, Mazeppa was bound by the offended 

 husband to the same horse ou which he had couiu to pay his 

 addresses to the wife. The horse, being Ut loose, carried its master 



back to his own house, and the shame which Mazeppa felt at having 

 been exposed in such a manner induced him to leave bis native land 

 and retire among the Cossaks. Whatever may have been the reasons 

 which induced Mazeppa to take that step, he soon distinguished 

 himself by his bodily strength, great courage, natural abilities, and 

 some acquirements, so that he became general-adjutant and secretary 

 of Hetman Samoilowich, and after his death in 1087 was chosen to nil 

 bis place. 



The Cossaks of the Ukraine, who were organised by King Stephen 

 Battory (who died in 1536), rebelled against Poland in 1648, aud 

 being unable to maintain themselves as an independent nation, they 

 submitted to the tzar of Muscovy in 1634, on condition that all 

 their liberties and privileges should be preserved. But the Muscovites 

 soon began to encroach ou their liberties, and attempted to convert tho 

 Ukraine into' a province and govern it like the other parta of their 

 empire. Mazeppa, who was much in favour with 1'etor the Great, 

 to whom be hod rendered many eminent services, was strongly 

 attached to the liberties of hia adopted country, aud is said to have 

 made. strong but useless representations against their violation. The 

 victories of Charles Xll. of Sweden induced Mazeppa, notwithstand- 

 ing his great ago, for he was then about seventy, to enter into a 

 ncgociatiou with him for the independence of the Ukraine, which 

 Charles promised to establish if Mazeppa would join him with his 

 forces. The negotiation was discovered by two colonels of the 

 Cossak army, named Iskra and Koczuboy, who reported it to lYtcr 

 the Great. Peter was however so confident in Mazeppa's fidelity, 

 that he gave up both the colonels as calumniators to Juazeppa, who 

 ordered them to be beheaded. 



According to his agreement with Mazeppa, Charles turned from 

 the high road to Moscow, which he was pursuing, to the south, iu 

 order to join Mazeppa and spend tbe winter in the rich Ukraine, 

 but the disasters which befell bis army ou a march during the severe 

 winter of 1706-9, reduced it to a wretched condition ; whilst the 

 designs of Mazeppa being discovered, his capital, Baturiu, was taken, 

 after a desperate resistance, by the troops of Peter, aud Mazeppa, 

 being diBurted by his army, joined Charles with an iucousiderable 

 force. After the battle of Pultava he retired with Charles to the 

 Turkish territory, where he died soon after. 



* MAZZINI, GUISEPI'E, was born at Genoa in the year 1S09. His 

 father was an eminent medical practitioner in that city. Mazziui via 

 the only sou of his parents, and was educated with great care, both at 

 homo and at the public school and university of his native place. II.- 

 chose the profession of the law ; but, before he had well begun tho 

 practice of his profession, he had devoted himself, heart and BOU!, to a 

 career very different from that which would have awaited him as a 

 Genoese lawyer. About the year 1829-30, when Mazziui was twenty 

 years of age, Italy was iu its lowest state of political degradation 

 such portions of it as were not under the Austrious being under native 

 despotism of tho most absolute kind. In Tuscany alone was the 

 government comparatively mild : tba Pieduiontese or Sardinian states, 

 to which the territory of Genoa had been attached since 1815, wore 

 then (though now the case is altered) under a system of tyranny as 

 abject as prevailed in Naples or iu any other part of the peninsula. 

 The reigning king was Charles-Felix (1821-31), and the condition of 

 Piedmont under him was such that the I'icduioute.-o were as well 

 qualified as any other portion of the Italians to know the pains which 

 all alike suffered. Nowhere, either, throughout the .Sardinian states, 

 was the discontent stronger than iu Genoa, the people of which, 

 having been so recently incorporated with tho Sardinian kingdom, 

 still cherished their ancient republican memories, aud were in some 

 other respects distinct in character from the I'icdiuouteae. Accord- 

 ingly, about the time in question, there was an unusually i 

 aspiration after political liberty among the youiig mm of Guuo.i. 

 Above all, this aspiration incarnated itself in Mazziui. Of a character 

 unusually enthusiastic, he became the centre ot' a circle of young 



