211 



MILL, JOHN STUART. 



MILLAIS, JOHN EVERETT, A.R.A. 



tion, that the word imagination, in a more restricted sense, is appro' 

 priated to them. We do not call the trains of the lawyer, or the 

 trains of the merchant, imagination. We do not speak of them as 

 imagining when they are revolving each the ideas which belong to his 

 peculiar occupation; it is only to the poet that the epithet of imagin- 

 ing is applied. His train or trains analogous to his are those which 

 receive the name of imagination." (Vol. i., p. 179.) 



In some parts of his book Mr. Mill has, we think, been led into 

 error, in part probably by carrying his notion of association as an 

 explanation of these phenomena too far. Thua in the chapter on classi- 

 fication, after very ably showing how long men had been led away by 

 mere jargon from the real nature and object of classification, he says, 

 " Man first becomes acquainted with individuals. He first names 

 individuals. But individuals are innumerable; and he cannot have 

 innumerable names. He must make one name serve for many indi- 

 vidual?." After then alluding to the case of "synchronous sensations so 

 concreted by constant conjunction as to appear, though numerous, 

 only one ; of which the ideas of sensible objects, a rose, a plough, 

 a house, a ship, are examples " he thus proceeds : " It is easy 

 to Bee wherein the present case agrees with and wherein it differs 

 from those familiar cases. The word man, we shall say, is first applied 

 to an individual ; it ia first associated with the idea of that indi- 

 vidual, and acquires the powur of calling up the idea of him ; it 

 is next applied to another individual, and acquires the power of 

 calling up the idea of him ; so of another, and another, till it has 

 become associated with an indefinite number, and has acquired the 

 power of calling up an indefinite number of thoae ideas indifferently. 

 What happens ? It docs call up an indefinite number of the ideas of 

 individuals as often as it occurs ; and calling them up in close con- 

 nection, it forms them into a species of complex idea." (Vol. L p. 204,) 

 Mr. Mill then pays there can be no difficulty in admitting this "because 

 it ia an acknowledged fact." Mr. Mill himself furnishes what he con- 

 siders the reason, for he says, " It is also a fact that when an idea 

 becomes to a certain degree complex from the multiplicity of the 

 ideas it comprehends, it is of necessity indistinct. Thus, when the 

 word man calls up the ideas of an indefinite number of individuals, 

 not only of all those to whom I have individually given the name, but 

 of nil those to whom I have in imagination given it, or imagine it 

 will ever be given, and forms all those ideas into one, it is evidently a 

 very complex idea, and therefore indistinct." (Ibid.) 



Mr. Hill having gone through an exposition of abstraction, memory, 

 belief, ratiocination, evidence, and some of the more complicated 

 cases of naming, devotes the latter half of the second volume of his 

 Analysis to the phenomena in which the sensations and ideas are to 

 be considered as not merely existing, but also as exciting to action. 

 He treats of pleasurable and painful sensations, and of the causes of 

 the pleasurable and painful sensations; then of ideas of the pleasurable 

 and painful sensations, and of the causes of them. He treats of 

 wealth, power, and dignity, and their contraries, of our fellow-creatures, 

 and of the objects called sublime and beautiful, and tbeir contraries, 

 contemplated as causes of our pleasures and pains. Chapter 22 is 

 devoted to the subject of motives ; and Chapter 24 to that of the 

 will. Chapter 25 (the last) to intention. Mr. Mill's exposition of all 

 these phenomena is mainly grounded on the law of association, by 

 which be means simply the fact that the order of occurrence amongst 

 our ideas is the order of occurrence amongst our former sensations, 

 of which those ideas are the copies. 



Mr. Mill's last work was the ' Fragment on Mackintosh,' published 

 anonymously in 1 835. This is a very severe criticism upon the 

 ' DL-sertation on the History of Ethical Philosophy,' contributed by 

 Sir James Mackintosh to the ' Encyclopedia Britannica.' Mr. Mill 

 wrote several of the principal articles in the early numbers of the 

 ' Westminster Review.' Among the contributions which are con- 

 sidered his beet, are the article on the ' Formation of Opinions-,' in 

 No. XI., and the article on the 'Ballot' in No. XXV. Mr. Mill died 

 at Kensington, June 23, 1826. 



* MILL, JOHN STUART, son of the preceding, was born in 1806, 

 and received his education at home from his father. He entered the 

 employ of the Hon. East India Company in 1823, when he was 

 appointed to a clerkship in the India House. Here he rose through 

 the intermediate grades of promotion until in 1856 he was appointed 

 Examiner of Indian Correspondence, the same post which his father 

 had held before him. Mr. Mill was for many years a frequent con- 

 tributor of articles on various subjects to the ' Westminster ' and 

 ' Edinburgh ' Reviews, as well as to other leading periodicals. His 

 name however was first made extensively known in England as an 

 original writer by the publication of his ' System of Logic, Ratioci- 

 native and Inductive,' which he gave to the world in 2 vols. 8vo in 

 1843. This work, besides introducing some new views respecting the 

 principles and grounds of Syllogistic or Deductive Reasoning, attempts 

 to systematise and reduce to strict rules the Inductive method of 

 investigation, the possibility of which is denied by Whately and other 

 writers. The concluding portion of the treatise is of a more strictly 

 practical character, as being (in the author's own words) " an attempt 

 to contribute something towards the solution of a question which the 

 decay of old opinions and the agitation that disturbs European society 

 to its inmost depths, render as important in the present day to the 

 practical interests of human life as it must at all times be to the com- 



BIOO. DIV. VOL. IV. 



pleteness of our speculative knowledge : viz., 'whether moral and 

 social phenomena are really exceptions to the general certainty and 

 uniformity of the course of nature ; and how far the methods by 

 wlrch so many of the laws of the physical world have been numbered 

 among truths irrevocably acquired and universally assented to can be 

 made instrumental to the formation of a similar body of received 

 doctrine in moral and political science.'" In the following year 

 appeared his 'Essays on some Unsettled Questions of Political 

 Economy,' dealing with many of the recondite questions of the 

 science, and discussing the definition of political economy and the 

 method of investigation proper to it. 



Mr. Mill published in 1848 a treatise entitled ' Principles of Political 

 Economy, with some of their Applications to Social Philosophy.' 

 This work professes, like the well-known treatise of Adam Smith 

 upon the same subject, to combine together a scientific exposition of 

 the principles of political economy, and popular illustrations of their 

 application, embodying many new ideas and uew applications of ideas, 

 which have been elicited by modern controversies with regard to foreign 

 trade, the currency, and colonisation. The author incorporates the 

 results of these speculations, carries them down to the days in which 

 we live, and brings them into harmouy with the principles already 

 laid down by the best thinkers and writers on the subject. (Sea the 

 prefaces to the author's works.) 



Mr. Mill was selected by Mr. Bentham to edit and prepare for the 

 press the manuscripts of his ' Rationale of Judicial Evidence,' which, 

 with notes and several supplementary chapters by Mr. Mill, was pub- 

 lished in 1827. From the time of the French revolution of the Three 

 Days, through the period of the Keform Bill, and for some years after, 

 he was a frequent writer in newspapers on the side of advanced 

 liberalism; and from 1835 to 1840 he carried on the 'London and 

 Westminster Review,' first as the friend and associate of the late Sir 

 William Molesworth, and subsequently on his own account. In 1851 

 Mr, Mill married Harriet Taylor, the widow of one of his oldest 

 friends. He has no children. 



MILL, JOHN, was born at Shap, in Westmoreland, about 1645. 

 In 1661 he entered as servitor at Queen's College, Oxford, took his 

 degree of B.A. in 1666, of M.A. 1609, and was shortly afterwards 

 chosen a fellow and tutor of his college. In 1676 he was made chap- 

 lain to Dr. Lamplugh, bishop of Exeter, and in 1681 obtained the 

 rectory of Blechingdon, in Oxfordshire, ami was appointed chaplain 

 to Charles II. In 1685 he was appointed principal of St. Edmund's 

 Hall, which office he held till his death, which happened June 23, 1707. 



Mill is known by his valuable edition of the Greek Testament, 

 which was published only fourteen days before his death, with the 

 following title : ' Novum Testamentum Gracum, cum Lectionibus 

 variantibus, MSS. Exemplarium, Versiouum, Editionum, SS. Fatrum 

 et Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum, et in easdein Notis.' This edition, 

 which was the labour of thirty years, was originally begun by the 

 advice of Dr. Fell, bishop of Oxford, and reflects the greatest credit 

 on the diligence and critical acumen of its learned editor. He inserted 

 the various readings that had been previously collected, procured 

 extracts from several then uncollated manuscripts, and added many 

 readings from the ancient versions and the writings of the fathers. 

 Mill however made no change in the text, which was merely a reprint 

 of Robert Stephens's edition of 1550. These various reading?, which 

 amounted to more than 30.000, were attacked by Dr. Wbitby, in 

 1710, in a work entitled 'Exameu Variantium Lectionum Johannis 

 Millii ; ' in which he maintained that a collection of so many various 

 readings tended to unsettle the text of the New Testament, and to 

 introduce doubt and uncertainty into the whole system of biblical 

 interpretation. Dr. Whitby's arguments were applied by Antony 

 Collins, in his 'Discourse on Free-Thinking,' against the authority of 

 the New Testament ; whose work was answered by Bentley, a 

 personal friend of Mill's, under the signature of Phileleutherus 

 Lipsiensis. 



The edition of the 'Chronicle of Malala,' published at Oxford, in 

 1691, which is frequently said to have been edited by Mill [BENTLEY], 

 was merely published under his superintendence, since the printing 

 of the work was finished under the revision of Chilmead. [MALALA.] 



* MILLAIS, JOHN EVERETT, A.R.A., was born at Southampton 

 about 1828. Dedicated from childhood to painting, he was sent at 

 the age of nine to Sass's art-school, Charlotte Street, Bloomsbury, to 

 prepare for the Royal Academy. Entered in due time as a student 

 in that institution, his progress through the several schools was a 

 distinguished one, winning a high place, and the usual medals in 

 each, and crowning the whole by carrying off the gold medal in 

 December 1847, for his historical composition ' The Tribe of Benjamin 

 seizin? the Daughters of Shiloh.' While still a student he united in 

 founding the association now well-known, as the 'Pre-Raphaelite 

 Brotherhood,' and of which we have elsewhere noticed the object 

 and the origin. [HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN.] Prior to this however, 



work, 



Royal Academy 1 



to the Royal Academy, and 'The Widow's Mite,' a picture some 



fourteen feet by ten, to the competitive exhibition in Westminster 



Hall; and in 1848 his gold-medal picture, 'The Tribo of Benjamin," 



to the British Institution. 



id tne origin. [HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN.J rn to mis uowever, 

 r. Millais had appeared before the public as an exhibitor. His first 

 ork, 'Pizarro seizing the Inca of Peru,' obtained a place in the 

 oyal Academy Exhibition of 1846 ; in 1847 he contributed ' Elgiva ' 



