

...'-.. . N.M 



MOHAMMED. 



Mi . I.I1. Prior Travislnu* ordinia pnedioatoruu. 

 fcit istud (.apitu'.uoi, et Tbomu Pictor d* MuUna piuxlt 

 ' These work* are completely in UM .ijlo of tJwir Urn*, bat 

 nther above Ik* eUacUrd than otherwise. 



...:. . ..'.-: .1. . . . -. . 



rartiy pupil of Ulpsuiua. H* ttved under the Emperor AUx- 

 M owf bit local adviam (ooMUUriii ; he alto 



often ciu. UpUnus ud Peulua, 1 he Florentine Index 

 > the fallowing work* of MoaVstinue:-Nu.te*n book, of 

 IUSHMM*, twelve book* of Pudecte, Uo book, of KeguUe, nine book* 

 Vrentilt, six book* of Excntationes, four book* on Poeoss. 

 The work OB Exoatatiooee wu written in Greek ('Dig.' 27, tit 1 



Aewaaiooiboa ). Kin. other work* by Modertinus, in single 

 are snwaisrslsl in the Florentine Index 



book*, arc enumerate! in tbe Florentine Index. 



Tb. period of Modeetinns U also determined by an inseri ( 

 wbicb mrtTiTit tbe judgment in a rait which wu prosecuted 

 Urn. between A.D. 2x7 and 149. The inscription wu tint prinU 



inscription, 

 rated some 

 . printed by 



in hi* work on Inscription* (p. 278). Modestinu* U men- 

 tioned in a rescript, of tbo year 239, of tb* Emperor iJordiauut. 

 There are 845 excerpts from Modestinus in tbe Digest. 



Th* compilers of th* Digest have made a few excerpt* from two 

 vnu-rs posterior to Modestinus. These writers are Uermogenianut 

 and Aureliu* Ares/iiu* Charuiu*. Modestinus is cited by Charisius 

 Digest,' SO, tit. 4, s. 18). 



MOIKAT, ROBERT, an enterprising agent of tbe London Mis- 

 sionary Society in South Africa, is a native of Inverkoithing, Scotland, 

 where be wa.brou.-bt up in connection with the Secession Church, to 

 which bit pannte belonged. In tb* year 1816 be wu designated fur 

 missionary work at a service beld in Surrey Chapel, London. One of 

 those wbo were tet apart at the tame time for service in the mission- 

 field wu John Wfluams, who*, laboun in the South Sea Island, have 

 sine* become so famous, and whose violent death at the hands of tbe 

 natives of a barbarous island hu conferred on him the title of the 

 Martyr of Erromanga. 1 I WILLIAMS, JOB*.] Th* scene of Mr. MoBat's 

 labour, wu first in Namaqua-Uud, on the Oariep or Orange river, 

 where the celebrated Africaner exercised hi* chieftainship, and after- 

 ward* in th* Bechuana country. Mr. Mofiat vitited his native country 

 in 1840, and addressed numerous public meetings in England and 

 frr* 1 * 1 " 1 . giving details of hi* missionary labours, u well u of bis 

 remarkable personal adventure* and hair-breadth escapes iu Ms 

 exploratory journey, through tb* African wild* and deserts, and 

 among barbarous and often warlike tribes. The work of instruc- 

 tion, although to a great extent successful among various tribe., had 

 bera much interfered with, and tbe mission-settlement* were frequently 

 broken up by the wan of the native* with each other, or with their 

 Dutch neighbour* on tbe frontier, the pioneers of a not over-refined 

 civilisation. While in England Mr. Moff.it publuhed a volume con- 

 taining an account of the scene* through which he bad passed, under 

 UM title of ' Missionary Laboun and Scene* in Southern Africa ;' aud 

 also carried through th* press, at th* espouse of the British and 

 Foreign Bible Society, a translation of tbe New Testament and the 

 Paalms in th* Bechuana language. Mr. Mofiat then returned to South 

 Africa, where b* it still engaged. 



DAVID LIVIXU.TOX, LL.D., another African missionary and ex- 

 plorer, is married to a daughter of Mr. Mofiat. During the tixtoen 

 year* in which b* hu laboured at one of tbe agent* of tbe London 

 Missionary Society, Dr. Livingston hu penetrated far into the inte- 

 rior and hu mad* several journey, across th* continent of South 

 Africa. At a meeting of th* Royal Geographical Society, at 

 which Dr. Uvingstoo wu present, on the 16th of December 1856, 

 tbe president, hir Roderick JIurchison, said: "They were met 

 to welcome Dr. Living. too on hi* return from South Africa to hit 

 native country, after an absence of sixteen yean, duriug which, while 

 endeavouring to spread tbe bleesings of Christianity through lands 

 never before trodden by tbe foot of a Uritiah subject, be bad made 

 geographioal ducovcrie* of incalculable importance, which bad justly 

 won far him tb* Victoria or Patron's Gold Melal of the Royal 

 Geographical Society. When that honour wu conferred in May 1865, 

 for traversing Sooth Africa from th* Cape of Good Hope by the Lake 

 Vgsflti to I-inyanti, and UMOO* to tb* wost coast in 10' S. 1st., Lord 

 EUeeoMre, their then president, spoke of th* scientific precision with 

 wbich UM unarmed and unassisted EngU*h missionary had left hi. 

 mark on so many important station* of regions hitherto blank. I >,-. 

 Livingston n travel aeJ these region*, and, after reaching Linyanti, 

 followed UM Zambesi, or continuation of th* Leambye river, to iu 

 mouths Ml UM shot** of tbe Indian Ocean, passing through the eaitern 

 Port****** *tMminl of Tote, and Ura* completing th* entire journey 

 across South Africa. Hir Roderick added :-" It had boon calculated 

 that, putting together all hi* various journeys. Dr. Livingston bad 

 not travelled over Ins than 11,000 nib* of African territory; and 

 he had com* back a* the pioneer of sound knowledge, wbo by bis 

 astronomical observation* had determined tb* lite of numerous plac**, 

 bill., rivers, and lake*, Marly all hitherto unknown ; while be had 

 Mind upon every opportunity of describing the physical features, 

 climatology, and even to* geological structure of the countries b* bad 

 xplorrd, and pointed out many new source, of commerce, u yet 

 unknown to UM scop* and enterprise of tbe BritUh merchant.'' In 



describing the features of the territory explored by him, Dr. Livingston 

 sai 1 that south of th* twentieth degree of south latitude the country 

 was arid, and contained very few rivers ; but to the north of that line 

 tb* country wu well watered, and very unlike what the centre of 

 Africa wu popularly represented to be. The country which bo had 

 traversed indeed wu covered with a network of waters, many of the 

 streams being large and deep, and never dried up. The native* 

 belonged to the true negro family, having very woolly hair, and 

 being darker than tb* Bschoana*. They held their women iu high 



. many of whom became chiefs. In a letter publuhed in 

 th* ' Tim**' newspaper on December 29, 1856, Dr. Livingston state* 

 his view* on tb* question of African civilisation, and recommends the 

 encouragement of the growth of cotton in the interior, and the opening 

 up of commercial intercourse between this country and the African 

 tribe*. Such meunree would, be thinks, tend to tbe abolition of the 

 late-trade, and tbe advancement of civilisation. Dr. Livingston is a 

 native of lUantyre, in Scotland, where be was in hia youth employed 

 in tbo cotton-mills. Having a desire to devote himnelf to missionary 

 work, he pursued bis studies at Glasgow during the winter month*, 

 returning hit occupation at the mills during tbe summer vacation of 

 the clsste*. lie is now about forty yean of age. lie proposes soon to 

 return to prosecute his career a<i a missionary among the natives of 

 South Africa. Un Monday, January 6, 1857, a public meeting of the 

 merchants, bankers, and others of the city of London, was held at the 

 Mansion Hou-e, tbe Lord Mayor presiding, when it was resolved to 

 congratulate Dr. Livingston, and to take measures to form a ' Living- 

 ston Testimonial Kund.' The meeting wu addreesei by tbo Hiehop 

 of London, Sir Koderick Murchuon, Mr. Gordon Gumming, Mr. 

 Montgomery Martin, Mr. Uaikea Currio, and other gentlemen, and a 

 considerable amount wu raited for tbe commencement of the prupoied 

 fan. I. lu acknowledging the vote of congratulation, Dr. Livingston 

 intimated bis intention to i.ub'.i-h a full account of liu discoveries. 



MOHAMMED, ABUL-KASEM-IUN-ABDOLLAH, was born at 

 Mecca on the 10th of November 570, or, according to other authorities, 

 on the 21st of April 571. Hia father Abdollah, whose only son bo 

 was, belonged to the family of Hashem, the most distinguished branch 

 of the noble tribe of Koreith, which claimed a direct descent from 

 Itmael, the reputed progenitor of the Arabian race, and had acquired 

 a decided superiority over tbe eurrotlnding tribes. Owing to an active 

 and uninterrupted commerce, the Koreisuitea were not only renowned 

 for their opulence mid rcfiucment, but, being concentrated about tbe 

 ancient place of the common Arabian worship, they were the hereditary 

 guardians of the celebrated Caaba, the custody of which, together with 

 the sacerdotal office, had for a long time been tho privilege of the 

 Uashemitos,the ancestors of Mohammed. Mohammedan authors havo 

 laboured to adorn tbe birth of their prophet with many miraculous 

 events, such u tho Persian sacred fire being suddenly extinguished, 

 and a splendid light having spread over all Arabia ; but these and 

 similar embellishment* of his life, with a great number of prodigies 

 attributed to him, we may leave to the credulity of hit followers. In 

 his early childhood Mohammed lost both his parent.; his mother 

 Ainina died in hi* second year, and the child wu committed to the 

 car* of bis aged grandfather, Abdol UoUlob, who wu then the chief 

 priest of the Cuba. Abdol Motaleb wu succeeded by Abu Tulob, the 

 uncle of Mohammed, who now became hit guardian, and witli whom 

 b* made several journeys and mercantile adventures, principally 

 towards Syria, aud to the fain of Damascus, liaghda I, and Bjura. la 

 his twentieth year, Mohammed took part in an expedition against the 

 predatory tribes which then molested the caravan, and pilgrims on 

 their way to Mecca. This wandering kind of life and the practice of 

 warfare animated the youth with on eager desire of adventure and 

 military achievement*, and with that spirit of chivalry which may bo 

 considered u the germ of his future exertions. To thit must be 

 added a strongly-marked propensity to solitary retirement aud to 

 religious abstraction, originating probably in his early contemplation 

 of the absurd ceremonies and cruel idolatry of hU contemporaries 

 which he witnessed at Mecca, and in which he bad been compelled to 

 take part by replacing the famous black stone in the wall of the Caaba 

 when the temple happened to be repaired. 



A Nestorian monk, tho abbot of a monutery at ISasi-a, named 

 lioheira, was tbe fint wbo observed and appreciated the character of 

 young Mohammed. After having converted with him on religious 

 subject*, be foretold to his uncle Abu Taleb that great expectations 

 might be conceived of tbe boy provided he should escape the snares 

 of persecuting Jews a caution which will be explained in the course 

 of this narrative. 



In the twenty-fifth year of hi* age, Mohammed became acquainted 

 with a rich widow, Khadija, whom he subsequently married ; aud 

 during tbe fifteen followiug years liltle more is known of him than 

 that preparatory to bis intended mission he frequently retired to the 

 cave of iieva in tbe neighbouring mountain*, and also made a second 

 journey into Syria and occasional visits to the southern parts of Arabia. 

 During these jourueyt be gained information at such times and iu 

 Kuch degree u circumstances ]>ormittfd, and he is said to have con- 

 vorscd most familiarly with some learned Jews and Christians, among 

 whom are particularly mentioned a celebrated rabbi, Abdollah-ibn " 

 Salaam, and Waraka, tho nephew of his wife, who, first deserting bis 

 uatir>> polythritm and afterwards the Jewish faith, had embraced the 



