MONTALEMBERT, MARQUIS PE. 



SIONTECUCULI, COUNT DE. 



310 



appointed to construct a fort for the purpose of securing the isle of 

 Aix against the English fleet ; and this fort, which was built entirely 

 of wood, is said to have borne, without experiencing any damage, the 

 shock occasioned by the simultaneous firing of all the artillery which 

 was mounted on it : the experiment seems to have been made in order 

 to disprove the assertion of several engineers that the fort would fall 

 in ruins by the fire of its own guns. 



Montalembert published in 1758 a small work in 4to, entitled 

 'Mrfrnoire Historique sur la Fonte des Canons;' and in 1766 one 

 under the title of ' Clieminde-Poele.' He also published in &vo a 

 pamphlet designated ' Relation du Siege de Saint-Jean d'Acre.' But 

 the work by which his name will be remembered is his great treatise, 

 entitled ' La Fortification Perpendiculaire, ou 1'Art Defensif supe'rieur 

 a 1'Offensif,' which was published at Paris in eleven 4to volumes (1776 

 to 1796). In the first volume, having shown the defects of the 

 bastioned fortifications which are constructed according to the prin- 

 ciples of Vauban, he proposes to suppress the flanks of the bastions, 

 continuing tho faces of those works till they meat in the miildle of 

 each front of fortification, and, at the 'place of meeting, to have a 

 casemated work like a small ravelin. The advantage to be gained by 

 this project is, chiefly, a diminution of the expense of construction ; 

 and, after proposing some other modifications of the existing fortifi- 

 cations, Montalembert dwells at length on that system which gives its 

 name to the treatise. The perpendicular fortification consists of four 

 lines of rampart, the branches of which form right angles with one 

 another at the re-entering parts, and three of these ore defended by a 

 powerful fire of artillery, which, being placed in casemates, is not liable 

 to be dismounted by the enemy; while spacious terrepleins, at the foot 

 of each ram part, afford ropm for the troops of the garrison to engage the 

 besiegers with forces superior to any which can be brought against them. 



In the second volume, after giving an interesting account of the war 

 in 1741, in which the importance of fortified positions is pointed out, 

 he describes the construction of reiloubts or small forts. In the third 

 volume there is a project for the construction of a simple fortiBcation, 

 consisting of a crenelated wall covered by a rampart on which are 

 constructed casemated traverses : this is proposed aa a good kind of 

 defensive works for sea-ports, and it is t-aid that fome of the forts 

 which defend Cherbourg were executed on that principle. The fourth 

 volume contains an abridged hi-tory of the reign of Louis XIV., 

 together with sundry projects relating to tho formation of lilies of 

 intrenchmentg for the defence of the frontiers of a .-tate. In the fifth 

 are eomc details concerning the construction of batteries for the defence 

 of sea coasts, and the sixth and seventh volumes are occupied with 

 refutations of the objections which had been made to his systems. 

 The eighth contains some observations on the forts at Cherbourg and 

 on the Ule of Aix. The ninth volume, which is particularly entitled 

 'L'Art Defeutif supoVieur a 1'Ofleusif,' contains sundry projects for 

 circular redoubts and for a casemated star-fort. The t-nth and 

 eleventh consist of memoirs relating to fortification and artillery. 



The leading principle ou wliich the projects of this engineer are 

 founded in, that a f'urtifi-d post should contain an abundance of case- 

 mates for the security of troops and artillery : Montalembert considers 

 that these nlone will enable a small number of men to resist with 

 success the attack of a numerous army, and that a few guns so pro- 

 tecte i are capable of dismounting all that an enemy can place behind 

 parapets mode merely of earth. His projects were severely criticised 

 during his life; but, though some parts of his constructions are open 

 to objections, the principles are unexceptionable ; and it is important 

 to ob-ervc that many of his ideas have been adopted by the Prussian 

 and Austrian engiueers in the works constructed a few years back for 

 the defence of Western Germany. 



In 1770 Montalembert married a lady who was distinguished by her 

 tal-iiti as a performer on the French sta^c, and who wrote" a novel 

 entitled 'Kli^e Dame-mil,' which was [Tinted in London in 1798. 

 ' It is said that Montalembert composed for the theatre some small 

 pieces which had a ceitain success; and his attachment to th muses 

 is proved from the fact that his biographer, Lilian de, had in his 

 possession a number of his songs and tales in verse, which are said 

 to have been characterised by grace, elegance, and imagination. 



In publishing his great work, and in making his experiments for the 

 improvement of the military art, he seems to have incurred expenses 

 which injured his fortune. He had given up to the government his 

 foundries at I'erisionl, aud his applications for the sum of money 

 which he claimed as an equivalent were fruitless; he was even 

 deprived of a pen.-ion which he enjoyed for the loss of an eye in the 

 service of the country. About the year 1790 he came to London; 

 but, after remaining here a few months, he returned to Paris, leaving 

 Bis wife in this country. It ii (aid that, in order to save some of 

 his property, he joined the revolutionary party ; and it is painful to 

 record that he entered so far into the prevailing spirit of the time 

 as to divorce his wife in order to marry the daughter of an apothe- 

 cary. He sold an estate for the purpose of satisfying his creditors, 

 Vnt receiving payment in assignats, which immediately afterwards 

 suffered an enormous di-preciat.ou, he became involved iu serious 

 difficulties. He continued however to employ an artist on a work 

 with which he had long been occupied the construction of a con- 

 siderable number of models relating to fortifications and artillery, 

 and the valuable collection, when completed, be presented to the 



Committee of Public Safety. At the same tim.fi, with other eminent 

 engineers, he was constantly consulted by Carnot on subjects relating 

 to the military affairs of the republic. He died of a dropsy, March 29, 

 1800, being then eighty-six years of age. 



(Eloye de Montalembert, by Delisle de Sales ; Biog. Unaierselle.) 



MONTANUS, the founder of the sect of Christian heretics known 

 as MONTANISTS, or CATAPHRYGIANS. They were called Moutanists 

 from their leader Montanus, and Cataphrygians, or Phrygians, from 

 the country in which they first appeared. Of the personal history of 

 Montanus little is known. He is said to have been bora in the 

 second quarter of the 2nd century at Ardaba, a village iu Mysia, and 

 to have been only a resent convert when he first made pretensions to 

 the character of a prophet, about A.D. 170. (Euseb., ' Hist. Kcc.,' 

 v. 16.) His principal associates were two prophetesses, named Prisca, 

 or Priscilla, and Maxiinilla. According to some of the ancient writer?, 

 Montanus was believed by his followers to be the Paraclete, or Holy 

 Spirit. Probably this is an exaggeration, but it is certain that he 

 claimed divine inspiration for himself and his associates. They 

 delivered their prophecies in au ecstasy, and their example seems to 

 have iutroduced into the church the practice of appealing to visions 

 in favour ,of opinions and actions, of which practice Cyprian and 

 others availed themselves to a great extent. (Middleton ' Free En- 

 quiry," p. 98, &c.) Tertnllian, who belonged to this sect, informs us 

 that these revelations related only to points of discipline, and neither 

 affected the doctrines of religion nor superseded the authority of 

 Scripture. The doctrines of Montanus agreed in general with those 

 of the Catholic Church, but some of his followers appeal- to have 

 embraced the Sabelliau heresy. The Montinists were chiefly dis- 

 tinguished from other Christians by tho austerity of their manners 

 and the strictness of their discipline. They condemned second mar- 

 riages, and practised fasts. They maintained that all flight from 

 persecution was unlawful, and that the church had no power to forgive 

 great sins committed after baptism. They held the doctrine of the 

 personal reign of Christ on earth at the Millennium. They are 

 accused by some of the early writers of celebrating mysteries attended 

 by deeds of cruelty and lewdness, but it appears quite certain that 

 these charges are unfounded. 



The Moutanists were warmly opposed by the writers of the Catholic 

 party, though they were once countenanced for a short time by a 

 bishop of Rome, whoso name ia unknown, but who is supposed by 

 some to have been Victor. Tertullian wrote several works in defence 

 of their opinions. [TERTULLIAN.] 



The sect was numerous, and lasted a considerable time. They still 

 existed iu the time of Auguetiao and Jerome, the latter of whom wrote 

 agaiu*t them. 



(Eusebius, Hitt. Ecc.; Epiphanius, De ffceresiis; Tertullian, 

 Wurkt ; Lardner, Uiitory of Heretio, chap. xix. ; Mosheim, Ecc. JJitsl. ; 

 Neander, Kirchenyeschiclite.) 



MONTA'NUS, A'RIAS. [ARIAS MONTANUS.] 



MOXTCALM, MARQUIS. [WOLPB.] 



MONTEAGLE, LORD. THOMAS SPRING RICE, LORD MOST- 

 EAOLE OF BRANDON, is the only surviving child of Mr. Stephen 

 Edward Rice of Mount Trenchard, county Kerry, by Catherine, only 

 daughter of Thomas Spring, Esq., of CasilfUiaiue, iu the same county. 

 He was born at Limerick, February 8, 1790. Having graduated B.A. 

 at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1811, and studied for the bar, he 

 entered Parliament in 18^0 as member for his native city, which he 

 continued to represent in the Whig interest down to the dissolution 

 which followed the passing of tha Reform Act iu 1832. During this 

 time he had lent his support to every liberal measure that was pro- 

 posed by his party, including the repeal of the Test and Corporation 

 Acts, and the Roman Catholic Relief, and Reform Acts. He filled the 

 office of undersecretary of state for the Home Department for a short 

 time in 1827; and from 1830 to 1834 held the secretaryship of the 

 Treasury. In the latter year he was for a few months secretary for 

 the Colonies. On the return of Lord Melbourne's administration to 

 office in April 1836, he was appointed chancellor of the Exchequer, 

 which office he resigned in September 1839, succeeding the late Sir J. 

 Newport aa comptroller of that department, nnd being at the same 

 time raised to the peerage. He had represented the borough of Cain- 

 bridge since December 1832. His lordship has frequently acted as a 

 member of Royal Commissions on matters of taste and art, aud is 

 understood to have bestowed considerable pains iu examining and 

 reporting upon the proposed system of decimal coinage. Lord Mont- 

 eagle married, first in 1811, Theodosia, daughter of the first Earl of 

 Limerick, by whom he has iesue five sons and three daughters ; and 

 second in 1841, Mary Anne, daughter of J. Marshall, Esq. 



MONTECUCULI, RAYMOND, COUNT DE, Prince of Melfi, Knight 

 of the Golden Fleece, and Generalissimo of the Imperial armies, was 

 born at Modena in 1608, of a noble family of that duchy. Following 

 the example of some of its members, he entered the service of the 

 house of Austria in the Thirty Years' War; and after beariug arms 

 as a simple volunteer under one of his uncles, and risiug through the 

 usual gradations of rank, he first signalised his military talents at the 

 head of 2000 horse by surprising and cutting to pieces a body of 

 10,000 Swedes, who were engaged in the siege of Numslau, in Silesia. 

 But he soon after experienced the inconstancy of fortune, being him- 

 self defeated and made prisoner, in 1639, by the Swedes under the 



