S45 



MOR1N, GENERAL ARTHUR-JULES. 



MORLAND, SIR SAMUEL. 



316 



'Polyhiator' is still a useful survey of universal literature down to the 

 middle of the last century. As in almost all such works, however, 

 some subjects which happened to be favourites with the author or his 

 editors are treated at disproportionate length, while others of greater 

 real importance are too summarily dismissed. 



*MORIN, GENERAL ARTHUR-JULES, Director of the Con- 

 servatoire Impe'riale des Arts et Metiers of Paris, eminent as an 

 investigator in practical mechanics and the strength of materials, and 

 the author of several works relating to those subjects, was born at 

 Paris on the 19th of October 1795. In 1813 he became a pupil of the 

 Ecole Polytechniqua, and after completing his studies for his branch 

 of the service, he attained the rank of captain of artillery. About 

 1828-29 he was charged by the Minister of War with an investigation 

 relative to the motive power used in the government manufactories as 

 compared with private establishments. The results were published 

 in 1830 in the third number of the 'Memorial de 1'Artillerie,' a work 

 issued under the care of a committee of the corps. In ,1831, at Metz 

 (where ho was some time professor of mechanics at the Ecole d'Appli- 

 cation de 1'Artillerie et du Gduie), he made some experiments on 

 friction, which were printed by order of the Academy of Sciences (4to, 

 9 plates, Paris, 1832); and in the next year he resumed them (the 

 results being again published 4to, 4 plates, 1833) ; and also in 1833 

 (4to, 9 plates, Ib35). He then entered upon experiments on various 

 kinds of water-wheels, the results of which were laid before the 

 Academy, aud published in the ' Comptes Reudus ' of 1836, under the 

 title, 'Experiences sur les Roues hydrauliques u Aubes Planes, et sur 

 lea Roues liydrauliques a Augets,' with 3 plates ; and with the Report, 

 in which they are regarded as of great value. The results of further 

 experiments on water-wheels 'a axo vertical,' called ' turbines,' were 

 published in 1838. In 1837 he published bis 'Aide-M<5moire de 

 Mccanique Pratique,' for the use of artillery officers and civil and 

 military engineers (8vo, Paris), containing rules and formula) in various 

 subjects. This work has gone through four editions, the last being 

 published in 1847. In 183!i appeared the results of some experiments 

 made at Metz in 1834, on the adherence of the parts of masonry and 

 brickwork, on the friction of axes of rotation, aud on the variation of 

 tension in endless . traps or cords employed for transmission of motive 

 power, and other subjects (' Nouvelles Experiences sur 1'Adhe'rence,' 

 ke.). In IS 11, or 1842, he published more than one edition, with 5 

 plates, of a small work describing a self-registering apparatus, which 

 might be employed in measuring the work performed by various kinds 

 of ' prime-movers ' (' Notice sur Divers DynamomctriqueV &c.). In 

 1842 he also published the second edition of a work which gave the 

 results of certain experiments on traction, and the destructive effect 

 of carriages upon roads (4 to, 4 plates, 2nd edition, Paris). These 

 experiments had been made partly in 1837 and 1838 by order of the 

 Minister of War, and in 1839 and 1841 for the Minister of Public 

 Works. His moat recent works are included under the head, ' Leeons 

 de Mccaiiiquc Pratique ; ' and they comprise the ' Resistance des 

 .M itijriuux ' (8vo, 6 plates), of which the first edition was published in 

 md a second has been printed with the date 1857 ; the ' Notions 

 CiuoiiKjlriquc'S ear lea Mouve meuts et leurs Transformation ' (2nd 

 edition, 8vo), of which the first edition appeared under the title 

 'Cinematique;' thu 'Notions fondamentaUs tt denudes d'Experieuce ' 

 (2ud edition); the ' Hydraulique ;' and the 'Machines a Vapeur.' 



About the year 1841, the subject of this notice is mentioned as 

 professor of industrial mechanics in the Institution of which he is now 

 Director. His elevation in military rank, up to that of general of 

 division, is of recent date. He is a member of the Institute of France, 

 and of the Commit Ue of Artillery; and a corresponding member of 

 the academies of Berlin, Madrid, Turin, Florence, and Metz ; of the 

 Sociote Industrielle at Mulhausen, the French Society of Civil 

 Engineers, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester; 

 Olid he was a commissioner of the French Exposition of 1855. English 

 men of science are indebted to him for his having given particulars 

 to the French world of the recent investigations, with which he is 

 well acquainted, by Hodgkiusou and others, and for his own researches, 

 which have merited and received attention here. 



MORLAND, GEORGE, born Juno 26, 1763, was the son of Henry 

 Robert Morland, an indifferent painter, from whom he received his 

 tirat instruction*, but very soon surpassed his master. He first painted 

 landscapes, and one or two small conversation pieces ; his favourite 

 subjects however were domestic animals horses, dogs, pigs, &c, 

 which he painted in a loose but very skilful manner. In the exhibition 

 of the Royal Academy in 1791 he had a picture representing the 

 interior of a stable, with horses, draymen, &c., larger than a half- 

 length : it is an excellent performance, and may perhaps be considered 

 a* his masterpiece. Morland was a considerable proficient in the 

 mechanism of the art, but his feeling for colour was very indifferent, 

 and his taste was coarse and uncultivated. With a correct eye for 

 effect, he observed aud executed with equal rapidity ; and though 

 without imagination or refinement, rendered his subjects interesting 

 by a faithful though coarse expression of their essential character and 

 picturesque arrangement Eilwards regrets that " his low and vulgar 

 propensities led him into society ill calculated to improve his mind or 

 manners." On which Fuseli remarks: "It is nurely one of the 

 favourite paradoxes of the age to wonder at the association of a man's 

 favourite objects of amusement with his favourite objecte of study. 



It would be a disgusting idea, if it were a possible one, that the man 

 who, with congenial satisfaction, spends the day in pencilling, to a 

 degree of deception, a sow amid her litter, could long for the recreation 

 of elegant society in the evening." But this is a shallow fallacy. 

 It would indeed be idle to refute the suggestion that, whatever the 

 subjects which a paiuter selects for the exercise of his pencil, he must 

 be expected to choose the companions of his social hours from the 

 same associations : a flower-painter surely is not supposed to be the 

 companion of gardeners, nor a painter of horses the intimate of ostlers 

 and stable-men. Morland spent his days in reckless and brutal dissi- 

 pation, and he died in 1 806, at a sponging-house in Eyre-street-hill, 

 Cold Bath Fields, at tho early age of forty-two, his death being no 

 doubt accelerated by his excesses. 



MORLAND, SIR SAMUEL, was the sou of the Rev. Thomas 

 Morland, of Sulhamstead-Baunister, near Reading in Berkshire, and 

 was born somewhere about the year 1625. He received his education 

 at Winchester school and Cambridge. He remained at Cambridge for 

 ten years, but never took a degree. Soon after his departure from 

 college, we find him sent on the famous embassy to the queen of 

 Sweden in company with Whitelocke and a retiuue of other gentle- 

 men. Whitelouke, in his Journal, calls hiui " a very civil man, and au 

 excellent scholar." On his return, Morland became assistant to 

 Thurloe, the secretary of Oliver CromwelL He also took a prominent 

 part in the attempt to relieve the sufferings of the poor people of 

 Piedmont, being appointed "commissioner extraordinary for the dis- 

 tribution of the collected moneys " by the Protector, who also made 

 him one of the clerks of the signet, ju March 1605. 



Morland is Sdid to have been privy to the plot usually known as 

 Sir Richard Willis's plot, and, as it is so intimately connected with 

 Morlaud's history, we give au abstract of the narrative as arranged 

 by Birch in his ' Life of Thurloe,' although we thiuk that it is far from 

 being altogether supported by proper evidence. 



In the beginniug of the year 1659, Thurloe, Cromwell, aud Sir 

 Richard Willis formed a design of ruining King Charles at one blow, 

 by sending over messengers with plausible letters " to invite him to 

 come over in a single ship, with only his two brothers and a few more, 

 to a certain port in Sussex, upon an appointed day, where they were 

 promised to be received aud supported by 500 foot at their first 

 luudiug, and 2000 horse within one day after." This plot was dis- 

 cussed in Thmloe's office, when Morland was at his desk apparently 

 asleep : Welwood says that Cromwell, when ho saw him, drew his 

 sword, aud was only dissuaded from despatching him on the spot by 

 the earnest solicitation of Thurloe, who assured him that Morland 

 had sat up two nights together, aud was certainly fast asleep. Dis- 

 gusted at this proceeding, Morland immediately determined to divulge 

 the plot to the king, which he did by means of one Major Heushaw, 

 who was then imprisoned in the Tower. The king, being thus 

 cautioned, auswere I, that "he could not be ready so soon as the 

 appointed day," which gave the three projectors some apprehension and 

 suspicion of the discovery. Not beiug satisfied however with this 

 answer, Willis was appointed to contrive other letters, urging his 

 majesty " to use expedition, aud not lose so fair an opportuuity for 

 his happy restoration." The king answered, that he was not very 

 well, or something that appeared'so frivolous, that they justly con- 

 cluded their whole project was discovered, aud Willis was suspected 

 of having divulged it. Under these circumstances Willis scut for 

 Morland, who went, not considering it safe to decline the meeting, 

 but took two pistols with him. At the appointed place, he was met 

 by auother person, by whom he was conducted with the utmost 

 caution into a dark deep cellar, where, by the light of a candle, he 

 saw Sir Itichard by himself with a Bible before him. Sir Richard 

 told him plainly that " he had sent for him on account of the discovery 

 of a secret of the highest importance, which could not possibly be 

 known to more than three persons beside himself." Then, recounting 

 the particulars, he laid his hand upon the Bible, and solemnly swore 

 that ho had not been the discoverer, and requested him to do the 

 same. Morland told him, " he was ready to do so, if he would give 

 him a reason why he should suspect him." All this he did with such 

 a remarkable presence of mind, that Willis was completely damped, 

 and Morland escaped from further interrogation. In May 1660, he 

 went to the king at Breda, in Holland, who received him kindly, made 

 him a knight, aud soon afterwards a baronet. 



Echard, in his ' History of England,' produces a letter from Sir 

 Samuel to Willis, dated March 10, 1660, in which he expressly denies 

 the whole of the above statement ; but Morlaud's own testimony iu 

 his autobiography is to the contrary : if he did write it at all, it was 

 merely as a means of safety from the wrath of Sir Richard Willis. 



On the restoration of Charles, Morland was made master of mechanics 

 to his majesty, who also presented him with a medal as an " honourable 

 badge of his signal loyalty." He was soon afterwards made a gentle- 

 man of his majesty's privy-chamber. In 1677 he took the lease of a 

 house, called Copped-Hall, by the Thames at Vauxhall, for twenty- 

 one years. Two years afterwards, he had a pension of 400/. settled 

 upon him, but embarrassments in his affairs, owing to au imprudent 

 marriage, obliged him to dispose of it. He afterwards removed to a 

 house at Hammersmith, near the water-side, where he died, Decem- 

 ber 30, 1695, aud was buried in Hammersmith chapel on Japuary 

 6 of the following year. The three last years of his life were spent 



