

MUOOl.KToN, LUDOWICKB. 



STK 



N 



to mile, wer first pradool under Madge'* snperintondenoe, 

 and were issued from lime to time (after ui interval during the war, 

 in which they were withheld from publication), admirably executed, 

 and of the highest value in reference to the topography of the country. 

 Whilst Oeoral Madge wai luperinteodent, but by the personal 

 11T1 tii of fot-Ui" Colby, the principal triangulation of the turvey 

 we* extended, at just indicated, to the north of Scotland. Hut in 

 jfr.^ of Sooth Britain, at it had been carried on under his order* in 

 former yrer. hi* *ucors*or had to correct error* and supply many 

 m^lnm These, a* we are informed by competent authority, " had 

 resulted from the hurried manner in which the work w*a performed, 

 from the very imperfect mean* placed at General Mudge* disposal, 

 aod from the want [kino* supplied] of a legislative enactment for the 

 I)! Ota n| ji in of the various trigonometrical observing stations through- 

 oat the country, which want sometime* led to a failure of identity 

 between the oWrriog and observed point* ; BO that, all things taken 

 into comideration, it ia rather to be wondered at that the work should, 

 generally peaking, be 10 good a* it in known to be." (' Mem. Hoy. 

 At- Sue.,' ml. xxiL, p. 813.) 



General Hodge was afterward* appointed lieutenant-governor of the 

 Royal Military Academy at Woolwich; into the administration of 

 which he i* stated to have introduced many excellent regulations, 

 which were afterwards extended, under his direction, to the Military 

 Si-ininary founded by the East India Company at Addiacombe. In 

 Addition to the public employments and distinctions which have been 

 mentioned, he was a member of the Board of Longitude, a Fellow 

 of the Society of Antiquaries, a member of the Geological Society, and 

 Honorary LUU. of the University of Edinburgh. The Koyal Aca- 

 demy of Science* of Paris elected him a correspondent, and the 

 Academy of Sciences of Copenhagen a Fellow. lie died at hi* house 

 in Millies-street, London, on the 17th of April 1S21, in bis fifty-eighth 

 year, leaving a widow, with three sons and a daughter. One of the 

 tons, Richard Zachary, who entered the army in 1807, and served in 

 the Peninsula, became eventually a lieutenant-colonel in the royal 

 engineer* and F.K.S. He also was attached to the trigonometrical 

 urrey, in which, after Captain Colby had been appointed superin- 

 tendent, he was entrusted for some years with the local charge of the 

 'drawing-room' in the Tower of London where the results of the 

 surrey were laid down, and the map* actually constructed during 

 the absence of his chief on other duties. He afterwards retired from 

 the service, and entered into business as a banker in Devonshire. He 

 uieil t Teignmouth on the 24th of September 1854, aged sixty-five. 



MUGGLETON, LUDUW1CKE, was, along with one John Reeve, 

 the founder of the MK.GI.KTOMANS, a sect cf Christians which arose 

 in England in the year 16. .1. Ludowicke Muggleton was by trade a 

 journeyman tailor ; he asserted that he and John Reeve had been 

 appointed by an audible voice from God, as the last and greatest 

 prophet* of Je*ui Christ, that they were the two witnesses mentioned 

 lu the 1 1th chapter of the Revelation, and that they bad power to bless 

 or damn to all eternity whomsoever they pleased. They published a 

 great number of work*, one of which U entitled the ' Divine Looking- 

 Glass of the Third Testament of Our Lord Jesus Christ,' and they 

 obtained many followers. The chief writers against them were the 

 Quakers, and among there, George Fox and William 1'enn. On the 

 17th of January 1676 Muggleton was tried at the Old Bailey, and 

 convicted of blasphemy. He died on the 14th of March 1697 at the 

 age of eighty-eight 



It it impossible here to give a full account of the strange doctrines 

 of thin sect. The chief articles of their creed appear to have been, 

 that God has the real body of a man, that the Trinity is only a variety 

 of name* of God, that God himself came down to earth, and was born 

 a* a man and suffered death, and that during this time Klias was his 

 representative in heaven. They held very singular and not very 

 intelligible doctrine* concerning angel* and devils. According to 

 them the soul of man i* inseparably united with the body, with which 

 it die* and will rite again. 



The Works of I.udowicke Muggleton with hi* portrait prefixed were 

 published in 1766 ; and ' A complete collection of the works of Reeve 

 and Muggleton, together with otln r Muggletonian Tract*,' was pub 

 lished by some of their modern follower", in 8 vols. 4 to, 1832 

 Among the work* written agniimt them are the following : ' The New 

 proved Old ller.lirk.,' by William IVnn, 4to, 1672; 



True KeptTMulation of the Abiurd and Mischievous Principle* of th 

 Scot commonly known by the name of Muggletonian*,' ito, London 

 UN. 



MULCASTKK, RICHARD, was a native of Carlisle, and of an old 

 family in Cumberland. He Derived hit earliest education on tin 

 foundation at Eton, under the celebrated t'dul, whence, in 1548, he 

 was sleeted scholar of King'* College, Cambridge. From Cambridge 

 he removed to Oxford, and in 1666 was chosen student of Chris 

 Church. In the next yrar be was licensed to proceed in Art*, am 

 about the tun* time became known for hi* proficiency in Eastern 

 literature, lie brg*n to teach in liitt ; and on September 24, 1661 

 for his extraordinary atUinn.enU in philology, was appointed the fin 

 Meter of Merchant Taylors' school in London, then jtut founde 

 Hera he continued till 16841, when be resigned ; and souin time afte 

 was ] pointed upper mastei of St. Paul'* School. Here he retnainec 

 twelve year* ; n'-il then retired to the rectory of Stanford Hivcrs, i 



Essex, to which he had been instituted at the presentation of the 

 queen, and where ho died, April 16th, 1611. Several of bis smaller 

 composition*, commendatory Tenet, Ac., are prefixed to work* of bin 

 contemponries ; and Gacoigne ha* printed some Latin verses of his 

 composition, which were spoken before the queen at Kenilwortli, in 

 1575. His separate works were : 1, his ' 1'oaitions, wherein those 

 primitive circumstances be examined which are neoeaaarie for the 

 training up of Children, either for skill in theire book or health in 

 bodie,' 4to, Lond., 1581 and 1687; to which a second part w*s 

 romUed. 2. 'The first part of the Klementario, which entreateth 

 hefely of the right writing of the English tung,' 4to, Lond., 1582, a 

 ook which Wnrton (' Hist EngL Poetr.') rays contains many judicious 

 riticisms and observations on the English language. 3, 'Catechumus 

 'aulinu*, in uiurn Scholia Paulina; conscriptus, ad formam parvi illiu* 

 \ugliei Catechism! qui pucris in communi Pnrcum Anglicaruiu libro 

 disoendus proponitur,' 8vo, 1601. This U in long and short verse, 

 nd, though now forgotten, was once esteemed. Fuller relates that 

 Mulcaster was a severe master, but much beloved by his pupils in 

 fter-life, and by none more than by Bishop Andrews. 



MULDER, Q. J., a celebrated Dutch chemist, professor of 

 hemutry in the University of Utrecht Professor Mulder is best 

 nowu ill this country by the translation of his ' Chemistry of Veget- 

 ,ble and Animal Physiology.' This work was translated by Dr. 

 'romberg, and introduced to the English public by a preface from the 

 ate Dr. Johnston, professor of chemistry in the University of Durham. 

 This work contained a vast amount of original matter, and embraced 

 ihemical and microscopical researches, in which the author had been 

 mgaged for many years. It is divided into four parts. The first 

 embrace* the general facts of chemical science bearing on the physiology 

 of plants and animals. The second contains an account of a series 

 of original enquiries into the chemical nature of the proximate prin- 

 ciples of plants and animals. In this port of the work he gives an 

 iccount of his discovery of the nature of the substance which he first 

 called "protein," and of his great deduction that this substance, 

 although found so largely present in animals, was alone formed in 

 lints. In the third part he gives the result of an elaborate cxsuiiua- 

 ion of the tissues of plants and animals by chemical reagents and the 

 microscope. In the concluding part he luys down certain principles 

 011 the nutrition of plants and animals which lie at the foundation of 

 modern physiological science. 



Whatever may have been the diligence of French and German 

 organic chemists, there is no doubt that to Mulder is due the great 

 iierit of having discovered protein, and followed this discovery to its 

 consequences. These a* stated by Profeesor Johnston are as follows : 

 ' 1 , That this protein formed the bones of a large group of animal 

 substances the albuminous group comprising fibrin, albumen, casein, 

 the crystalline lens of the eye, the hair, horn, &c. 2, That iu these 

 substances the protein was combined with oxygen, sulphur, or phos- 

 phorus, or with two of these bodies or with all the three, and that 

 the proportions of these several elements determined the special 

 qualities of each compound of the albuminous group. 3, That the 

 sup and leaves but especially the seeds of plants contained protein iu 

 combination with sulphur and phosphorus, as it is found in the animal 

 body, and that the gluten of wheat, the legumin of the beau, and 

 the nitrogenous substances generally which are found in the seeds of 

 plants, were compounds of this kind. 4, That these substances were 

 formed by the plant out of the food drawn by its several parts from 

 the air and from the soil, that it produced them for the purpose of 

 diminishing the digestive labour so to speak of the animal, of supplying 

 it with food fitted directly to form and nourish its muscular and 

 albuminous parts, and that the animal received its whole supply of 

 the raw material out of which those parts were to be built up from 

 the vegetable food on which it lived." 



Although the difficulty of obtaining protein, such as described by 

 Mulder, has led Liebig and his followers to doubt its existence as an 

 independent chemical compound, thera is no question of the merit and 

 importance of Mulder's conclusions with regard to the formation 

 and vital characteristics of the substances of which he maintains it 

 forms the basis. This subject has led to a controversy, and Mulder's 

 " reply " to Liebig ho* been translated into English by Dr. Fromberg. 

 No one can read the works of Professor Mulder without being im- 

 pressed with his caution and truthfulness, and though perhaps eclipsed 

 iu brilliancy and energy by some of his contemporaries, hi* name 

 inu-t be iu-cparibly connected with the development of the most 

 biilliant generalisation of the 19th century. 



MULINA'KI, or MOLINA'UI, STE'FANO, an Italian engraver, 

 known for his uumerout prints, after drawings by the early Italian 

 muter*, lie was born at Florence toward* the middle of the 18th 

 century, and was tho pupil of A. Scacciati, whom he assisted iu a 

 series of engravings after the most beautiful drawings iu the Floren- 

 tine collection, rorty one only were executed during Scacciati' s life : 

 the remaining fifty-nine were executed entirely by Mulinari. These 

 were succeeded, in 1775, by a collection of prints after drawings of 

 the earliest masters, from Ciinabue to Pii-tro IVrugiuo, under the 

 title ' Intorin Practica dell' Incomiuciamento e 1'roj.i i'ltlura) 



o sia Raccolta di 60 Mmiij.e entnittc da ugual uumero di disegni 

 original* eaistenti nella Galleria ui Firen/e,' which was followed, in 

 1780, by a still more interesting work on the five great Italian schools 



