JOHAMW. 



Mi'LLEU. OTHO FRIDERIC. 



- 



A< <*f~d JMIfar. OHHtBgen. 1841. 8*0; which 

 *Hu mi.l* delineation of Mullet's pereoual character.) 



.1. tiASN. 



I.I K, .! MIA N N. w born in 1T&S at 8chaffhauen in SwiUer- 

 l.nd. and wa* the SOB of a cWrytnsB MM! scil>oolma*er of that town. 

 He nadwd i GuWfcNten under llejcw, MUoMsr. Waleh, MM! other 

 MBinrat professor*. n4 .bow,d u early taste for historical research. 

 OB hi* return to 8chffhiw<o be wu appointed professor of Greek io 

 tk* gyumasmm of that town. IU afterward* woot to Geneva as tutor 

 to the obUdreo of Councilor Tronohm of that city, where be bream. 

 cqwinted with Bonnet the naturalitt, BoosU-tUn. and other learned 

 en. With BonstotMo h formed an intimacy which lasted till h,. 

 death. In 1778 be delivered a ooune of lecture* on universal history, 

 which were afterward. published in tweoty-four booka, It u a rapid 

 bat well written abridgment. and usefal to young people. Muller 

 bow* no partiality fur great states and empire*, and he bestows 

 particular notice upon atuall eommunitiea which bar* struggled hard 



and auoceeded in 



ning their independence. He give* aome 



interesting particular*, not generally known, of the hiatory of the 

 republic* and little *Ulr* of modern Europe, inch, for inirtanoe, a* 

 Ragusa. The work end* with a review of the political tituatiuu of 

 lamps in 1763. Muller'i 'Universal Hutory* was traualated into 

 French, Hutoire I'niverselle, par jioa de Muller/ 4 ToU 8ro, Paria, 

 UlaVlT. 



! 1781 Mullvr ai appointed professor of hutory at Cawel, where 

 be publkbed a treaiiee ' On the Influence of the Antienta upon the 

 Modem*,' and another on the establishment of the temporal dominion 

 of the pope* in the 8th century. About the aame time be published 

 Ike int Tolame of hi* gnat work, which ha* wound him a high place 

 among historians hi* hutory of the Swiss contention, ' Oeschichte 

 der Sohweiserueher Eidgeoo*en*chaft,' which he afterwards brought 

 down to the end of the 15U> century. The author trace* the rue of 

 the town* and email communities of Helvetia through the gloom of 

 the dark ages, and give* minute particular, of their cuitouia, manner*, 

 and Uw>, referring at every step to authentic document*. It i* a 

 work of great research, and, though neoeaaarily minute, U yet attractive 

 in it* style. The iuU-rest and value of the work, a* a book of histo- 

 rical reference, are not confined to the narrow ground of Swiss politic* ; 

 it aerve* alo to illustrate the early history of the Teutonic nation* in 

 general. 



In 1788 Muller wa* appointed librarian nd counaellor of state to 

 the Elector of Maine. In 179.', when the French took that city, he 

 repaired to Vienna, where the Emperor Leopold II. gave him au official 

 appointment a* a member of the privy chauoelry. He there wrote 

 several political pamphlets, tending to thow the necessity of a close 

 onion and harmony among the various German states iu that groat 

 oriris In 1800 Miillrr wa* appointed first keeper of the imperial 

 library. In 1804 he left Vienna for Berlin, where he published some 

 an on the history of Frederick the Great, and also a treatise on the 

 decline of liberty among the ancient*. After the battle of Jena iu 

 1MW, Napoleon saw Muller at Berlin, and showed him a marked regard, 

 which sunn to have captivated the historian. In 1SU7 Napoleon 

 appointed him Mcretary of tate4o the new kingdom of Westphalia, 

 oodrr hi* brother Jerome, an office which be exchanged in the following 

 year for that of director of public instruction. He entered with teal 

 upon hi* new and arduous duties, which however he could not long 

 pursue, a* be died at Cause! in May leUU. Ilii complete work* were 

 pubuhl at Tubingen in 27 vol*., 1810-19. Miiller'a letter* to his 

 friend BsBstsOan were published separately by J. H. Fiui-li, ]:,,.> 

 M seine* attrstrn Freuod in der Schweiz, in den Jahren 1771 bis 1807,' 

 8*0, Zurk-h, 1812. They are very interesting a* record* of the times. 

 Muller'* history of Switzerland wa* translated into French, and con- 

 Ooaed to the epoch of the French revolution, by I'. H. Mallet ; but a 

 much nmrior translation i* that of Profeisor Monnard of Lausanne 

 and U VuUwmin. ' Hiatoire d la Confederation Suisse par Jean de 

 Mttller, Kobert Uloutc Blocheim, et J. J. Hottiuger; traduitc de 

 fAlUtuand, et continue* juaqa' s no* jours, par Charles Mouuard et 

 mm,' t>vo, I'ans and Geneva. Hteron wrote a biographical 

 notice of Mull.r, Uipxig, laUV. 



ftfOLLEB, Jull AN XES. the gnat German phj biologist, was born 

 OB the 14lh ..I July, IbOl, at Coblenc, on the Khiue, where his pareuU 

 lived in buiuble eoreumstanora. He received his early education at 

 ISM gyoinaaium of bis native city. In 1819 he repaired to the Uni- 

 versity of Bonn for the purpose of studying medicine. In 1 - 1"! he took 



i for an 

 went to 



the range of hi* studio, by attending the 

 lecture* oo (oology and philosophy. In 1824 be returned t 

 where he became a prtval-doceks. He wa* afterwards appointed 

 Mtraordiaary professor of physiology and anatomy, and in 1830 

 ordinary rofeseor. la 1843 he waa invited to Berlin to nil the chair 

 vao.l-d by the death of Professor Uudolphi. 



Profsssur Muller in*y lay claim to be regarded a* the first physio- 

 logist in Eurvpe; his numerous experimeoU, hi* valuable paper*, and 

 iaatrvctive lectures, fully entitle him to take this position. Although 

 well known to all physiologist* for hi* nomerou* patera, he ia especially 

 estimated ia this country on account of bis ' Physiology of Mao,' which 

 at own translated into the English UBgBage, and goo* through more 



venuiy 01 oonn ior toe purpose 01 svuuy ing mwucine. in i oza ne 

 his degree of .loctor in medicine. In 1824 lie obtained s price fi 

 esaay OB tin HespiratioB of the FoHus.' From Boon lie we 

 Berlin, where he extended the range of hi* studio, by aU.-u.liii, 



titan one edition. IB this work be has collected together his variom 

 observations and experiments, which were scattered over the page* of 

 the scientific Transactions ' and ' Journals ' of Europe. This work 

 waa originally published at C<. . mid. -r : he title ' Haudbuoli 



der I'liyiuoloxie der Mrnsehen.' It was greatly iu advance of 

 work* of the kind, and had a wide sale throughout Kuro) . 

 publication of this work be commenced the, publication of a j 

 devoted to physioloincal science. It is entitled ' Archiv fur Anutouiie, 

 I'hysiolocie, uutl Wissonschaftliche Mediciu.' and ha* been continued 

 op to the present time. In the pages of this journal will be f..uu.l a 

 huge number of original papers from the pen of M ullur hiuiwlf, besides 

 a sari** of yearly report* on the progress of comparative anatomy and 

 physiology. Muller's writings have not been entirely physiological. 

 Many of hi* molt important contribution* to science have been on 

 the structure and clasaifioation of animal*. Hi* rest-arches upon tho 

 Myxinoid and Cycloatomic fishes form some of the moat important 

 contributions to the anatomy and physiology of the vertebrate auiuiala. 

 Hi* researches upon the organs of the ensea, especially of the eye* of 

 the lower animals, are also of great value. To enumerate hi* researches 

 would be to go over the whole field of human physiology, and a 

 large proportion of that of the families of animals. There U indeed 

 scarcely a subject in comparative anatomy and physiology that he baa 

 not handled, and none that he has touched which ho us n 

 improved by hi* labour*. A list of his paper*, amounting to eiichty- 

 even iu number, will be found in the third volume of toe ' lliblio- 

 graphia Zoologias et Geologiio,' published in 1862 by tho Ray Society. 



MOLLKB, OTHO FlUDUUIC, a Danish naturalist, wu born at 

 Copenhagen, March 11, 1730. Hi* parent* were poor; but being fond 

 of literary pursuits, and of studious and regular habit*, he obtain' i in 

 1753 an appointment tutor to a young nobleman, the count de 

 Schuliu. Iu this situation he had ample opportunities for cultivating 

 hi* taste for reading and for the observation of nature. It is said 

 that the counted* de Schuliu, Li.t pupil's mother, who was a woman of 

 great ability, persuaded Muller to devote his talents to natural h: 

 previously to this time his principal study had barn theology, liotauy 

 acems now to have engaged his attention <though he owes his celebrity 

 to his zoological researches), and he employed his lei-ure time in < <.- 

 lectiiii; plants, and iu making drawings of them. He subsequently 

 travelled for a considerable time iu different countries with his pupil, 

 and so greatly extended his knowledge of natural history, that on his 

 return to Copenhagen, iu 1767, he wa* a finst-rate botanist and zoolo- 

 gist. Marrying soon after a woman with considerable property, he 

 resigned all his professional engagements, and devoted the rei. 

 of his life to the pursuit of science. 



In 17(i3 he published a work on fungi, in Danish, which was followed 

 by a history, in two volumes (which came out separately), on the 

 species of insects aud plants inhabiting that part of the country 

 iu which he resided. It was written iu Latin, and entitled ' Fauna 

 Insectoruiu Friedrichidaliaua,' 8vo, Leipzig, 1764; aud 'Flora Frie- 

 drichidaliana,' bvo, Stiaabur);, 1767. These worki showed mm h 

 method, aud great accuracy in tue investigation of specific characters, 

 which qualities procured him considerable reputation ; and he 1. 

 honour of being appointed to continue the publication of the ' Flora ' 

 of Denmark, a suprrb work, undertaken by the command of king 

 Frederic V., who was a great patron of science. It had been com- 

 menced in 1761, by George Christian Oeder, who brought out thr.r 

 volume*; Muller added two others, the last of which appeared iu 17.>-. 

 Muller however now took more interest iu tho M inly of minute a: 

 than of plants, and h published in 1771, in German, a work on ' Cer- 

 tain Worms inhabiting Fresh aud !?alt Water,' 1 vol. 4 to. Copenhagen. 

 He here particularly described those auuulose aniinaU which Liunteu* 

 had called ' Aphrodites and Nereides,' whose reproductive power*, as 

 observed by Bonnet, possess so much interest. Muller divided then 

 into four genera, and d scribed a great many new species, I 

 adding much interesting information concerning their structure and 

 habits. He displayed still gnater powers of observation iu the next 

 work which he published, iu Latiu, named ' Veruiium Terrestriuiu et 

 Fluviatiliuia, sen Aniuialtum Infusorium, Heliuiuthecoruui, et Testa- 

 ceorum nou Marinorum, tucciucta lliatoria,' 2 vol*. 4to, Copenhagen 

 and Leipzig, 1773-74. The first part is devoted to the infusory animal- 

 cules, of which he discovered a great many new species. He was the 

 uret naturalist who attempted to arrange these minute animals into 

 geuera aud peciet, assigning to each distinctive characters. The 

 second part of this work contain* some interesting observations on 

 intestinal worms; and tho third, which fill* the second volume, ia 

 devoted to the testaceous molluscs, which the author attempted to 

 claiwify according to the organisation of the animal* inhabiting the 

 shells; but, as Cuvier has remarked, their structure wa* too little 

 known at that time, and Muller wa* not enough of a comparative 

 anatomist to be vary successful in his attempt. His treatises on the 

 ' Hydraohnaj in Aquis Dauia i'alustribus detect* et di-scnpta.-,' 4 to, 

 . 1781, aud ou tho ' Kutomonstraca, &C.' tlittle shelled crusta- 

 ceans inhabiting fresh waters, which were comprised by l.un. 

 the genus ' Monoculu*'), 4to Leipzig, 1785, are monuments of paticut 

 investigation ; they are both written iu Latin, and are accom|>aui<*i 

 with a great number of plate*. Muller here described a vast number 

 of animals whose existence wa* previously scarcely suspected, though, 

 they ore contained by million) in all fresh water*. 



