\-n\v 



MURAl* IV. 





plotter * hi Her**'* ' Palladia Tamia,' in which Joneon 1 . own name is 

 Mt mentioned. Mr. l 'olliT enumerate* fourteen plays which Munday 

 wrote, or aUU*l in writing, desiring bowon-r to add to tins lit tin- 

 thru newly-diteoTered play Bailed ' The Two Italian Gentlemen,' which 

 b* Btiribn'tm (o MumUy, anil infer* to have been acted about 1584. 

 !loins utbar play* of Muuday have been |>riute>l : 1, 2, ' The 

 Uobert, Karl of Huntingdon.' by Anthony Munda.v; 'The 

 Death of Itobert, Karl of Huntingdon,' by Anthony Munday and Henry 

 ChetUe, both acted in February 1508, and printed in 1001. Both are 

 reprinted in Mr. Collier'* 'Supplementary Volume to Dodsley's Old 

 Plays.' They are rude and irregular piece*, possessing much rigour of 

 painting, and presenting, in the scenes with Robin Hood's band in 

 8herwo.nl Forest, some pleating poetry. 8, The Widow's Charm,' 

 acted in July ItiuS, and supposed to be the comedy of ' The Puritan, 

 or the Widow of Watliog Street,' which was printed in 1607, and boo 

 been absurdly attributed to Shakspere. 4, ' The First 1'art of the 

 Life of Sir John Oldoastle,' by Anthony Muuday, Michael Drayton, 

 Kobert Wilson, and liichard Hathwaye; published twice iu 1600, one 

 of the edition* attributing it to Shakopere. Muuday died Aug. 10, 

 1681, and was buried iu the church of St. Stephen, Coleuian street. 



MCNSTKH, SEBASTIAN, born at lngle.-hieui, iu the palatinate 

 of the Khitif, iu Hf-J, became a Franciscan tuonk, but afterward* 

 adopted Luther's reformation, and repaired to Basel, where he was 

 made profeawr of Hebrew, in which language be was very learned. He 

 was also well acquainted with mathematics. He died of the pl.-i-jii , 

 at Basel, in 1552. His works are 1, ' liiblia Hebraica Charaltere 

 Singulari apu'l Judteoa Germanos in usu rccepto, cum Latina Plane- 

 qne Nova Translatione, udjcctis iimiper e Itabbiuorum CommentariU 

 AnnoUtionibus,' *c., fol., lia*el, 1531-85; reprinted in 2 voU. foL, in 

 1540. with considerable additions and corrections. 2, ' Qrammatica 

 ffrIHif' 4t. 3, ' Dictionorium Chaldaicum nou tarn ad Cbaldaicos 

 inUrpretea, quani ad Habbinorum intelligcnda Cominentaria necepsa- 

 rium,' 4to. 4, ' Dietionarium Trilingne,' Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, 

 fol. ;">, ' Captivitatea Judieorum incerti autoris,' Hebrew nnd Latin. 

 8vo. 6, 'Catalogue omnium pnecepturuui legis Mosaics;, qn;c nb 

 Hebrai* icxceuta et octodecies numcrautur, cum succiucta Habbi- 

 norum ei|>ositione et additions traditiouum,' &c., Hebrew and Latin, 

 8vo. 7, ' Organuin Urauicum ; theories omnium planetarum njotus, 

 canones,' foL 6, ' Cosmographia UniversalU,' fol., 1 544, which was trans- 

 lated into German, French, Italian, English, Bohemian, and other lan- 

 guage*. It is one of the first universal geographies published in modern 

 time*, and is remarkably well executed considering the age in which 

 it was written. The author is most diffuse in treating of Germany 

 and Switzerland. He give* a description of the principal towns, their 

 hiatory, the laws, manners, and arts of the people ; the remarkable 

 animals of the country, the productions of the soil, the mines, &c. ; 

 and the whole H illustrated by woodcuts, with a portrait of the 

 author. Minister mentions sereial learned men of his time who 

 furnished him with an account of their respective countries, of Sar- 

 diui.i, the lllvricum, &c. He also gives specimens of several languages. 

 V, ' Uudimenta mathematics in duos libros digesta.' 10, ' Horologio- 

 graphia,' being a treatise of gnomonics. 



Minuter translated into Latin everal works of the learned Hebrew 

 grammarian Kliaa Levita on the Masaorab, and on Hebrew grammar. 

 He also wrote note* to Pomponius Mela and Soliuus. His Coin- 

 mantarie* upon several book* of the Old Testament are inserted 

 among the ' Critici Sacri.' 



MOKA'D (AMUKA'T) I. son of Orkhan, Sultan of the Ottomans, 

 nooeeded his father in 1860, when he was forty-one years of age. He 

 fixed hi* residence at Adrianople, where he raised a handsome mosque, 

 which (till exists. He conquered part of Macedonia and Thessaly, 

 concluded a treaty of peace and alliance with John Pahsologus, 

 emperor of Constantinople, and married the daughter of the despotos 

 :ioe of Servia, Murad paid great attention to the discipline of 

 bis army, and (specially of his infantry ; he founded the corps of 

 Janiaaarie*, which afterwards contributed so greatly to the extension 



:ki-h conquest Contaz, the son of Murad, and .Amh 

 the ton of John Palax>logua, fought together against the Bulgarians 

 and other Slavonian triUa, whom they defeated at Sinnium on the 

 Danube. An intimacy grew up between the two young princes, of 

 Which Androoicua availed biinaelf to persuade his friend to revolt 

 against hi* father; and whilst both Murad and John Paltcologu* were 

 in Asia, the two younger princes jointly assumed the ooTereigu 

 authority iu Kuiope. Murad however won came bock, bringing with 

 him the Oretk emperor; the troop*, which were chiefly Turkish, 

 r*Umed to their allegiance; and the two young men, having shut 

 tbemetlves up in tho town of Demotiea, were taken prisoners. Murad 

 at Anrfroniou* to hi* lather at Constantinople, msUting ui 

 Immediate puniahment John PalBologu* ordered the eyes of Andro- 

 nicu* to b* pot out, but the o|t*tion wa* performed only upon one. 

 Mund oaiMed both hi* son's ere* to be put out, after which we hear 

 no mar* of tl.e y.ung prince. Home time after, Manuel, the second 

 pa of John Paucolugua, whom hi* Jathcr had aMociated with him iu 



of u| 14,1. :ui besieged 



whilst his own f.ilh<-r did not dare to 

 cd the town, and cai>t himself on the 

 mercy of the mlUn, who forgave him. John Pahxologna, ashatued of 

 his humiliating condition, proceeded to Western Europe, leaving 



. . 



the empire, having give* can** o 

 l.y the taltan in 'll,eialonica, wl 

 Mail* him. Manuel surrendered 



Manuel to irovoni 



hi* power into Aia Minor, aud nun vd I'mu-i i to Ida doniii 



wliilst his general Karatine conquered a great part of Albania, sendiu 



an inmiene number of womi n :unl children acror* (I, 



Gollipoli as slaves into Asia. Lar.an: . priur 



tho progress of the Ottoman", formed a league with th Hungarian*, 



Dalmatians, an I other neighbouring nation', nml 1 <1 1. 



person again who met him in the plain.- of r.-. - ivi.. A 



fearful battle took place in 1380, in which the Turks hud the mlv 



and totally defeated the Christian*. Lazarus himself was taken 



prisoner. Murad, while inspecting the field of battle after the light 



was over, received a deadly blow from a wounded Albanian who was 



lying on the ground near him. The Turkish soldiers. 



massacred all the prisoners, including tho Prince of Sorvia. Mnrad 



himself died in a few hour*, after a reian of thirty years, and was sue- 



by his son Bayuzid. He was a strict observer of the r h 

 the Koran, severe but just, and simple in his dress and h:: 1 - :s. Hi- 

 body was interred witu those of hU ancestors, at I!i ;, nia. 



MUKAD II., son of Mahomet I., succeeded bis father in H'.'l, being 

 then twenty-two years of age. An impostor had mide \i\- 

 in his father'* lifetime, pretending to be Mustaplin. eldest 



son, who had fallen in the battle of Angora iu HOI agaiust Tamerlane. 

 The Greek emperor, pretending to believe him, protected him 

 the wrath of Mahomet ; and, after the death of the latter, actually 

 entered into a treaty with him, aud acknowledged him as sultan. 

 Murad was then at llniM.i. The p. ' ! iitapha eatabli-l, 



court at Adrianople, and was acknowledged by several pashas and 

 officer*. The first army which Murad sent against him was defeated ; 

 but Murad soon after took the field in person, and being assist 

 the Genoese, who furnished him with vessels to carry his army 



lits of Uallipoli, he defeated the troops of Miistaph". 

 Adriauopie, and, having sei/.fd ihe pretender, had him hanged in 142.'. 

 Murad then turned against Manuel, rav.i nia aud 'I 



and threatened Constantinople; but Manuel succeeded in stirring up 

 another insurrection in Asia in favour of another Mustapha, V> 

 younger brother. Murad was obliged to leave Kurope to quell the, 

 insurrection, aud eoon after the Greek emperor died (1421), leaving to 

 his successor, John Palicologus II., the broken rem.iim of hi* empire. 

 Murad dispersed the insurgents at Nicau, and had his two brothers 

 tr.ui_led, in order to take away all pretext for further in 

 Uii his return to Kurope, he obliged John i'ahenl >jus to pay him 

 tribute. Meantime the Venetians ha J taken p<>.- 



with the consent of the inhabitants. Murnd laid siege to it, and took 

 it, after a long resistance, iu 1 t-i>, when the town was sacked, and all 

 tho surviving inhabitants were carried into slavery. Murad atti nv.mls 

 marched agaiunt Servia, although one of his wives was Mary, sister of 

 George, the despotos or prince of that country, lie lock 



to take rvfuge at the court of Ladi.-dm-, k 

 Hungary and Poland, to whom he gave up the stronghold 

 The gallant Hunuyades,at the head of the Hungarian*, having d 

 the Turks, Murad entered into a truce of ten years witn L:uli-l.-v,is, who 

 swore to observe it faithfully ; but being encouraged by the Yen* 

 by the woywode of Yalachia, and by the popo himself, Kugeni . 

 who sent him Cardinal Julian (Jesariui to quiet hU scruples, by ! Him; 

 him that an oath taken to an unbeliever was not binding. Lidi-lan- 

 broke the truce, and advanced with a large army of Hungarian , 

 Valachians, and others, to Varna, where he was mot by Mm 

 desperate battle follmed: Ilunnyades defeated the left wing of the 

 Turks, but, uot being supported by the rest, the whole (.'hri-tiau army 

 was cut to pieces, 1444. Ladislaus himself foil, together with the leg.ite 

 Cesarini. 



Murad soon after abdicated tho throne in favour of hi 

 Mahomet, then fifteen years old, and retired to Mague~ia. Hut 

 the disorders which broke -out in the empire, owing to the youth 01' 

 his ion, ho resumed his authority, quelled the im -ipient anarchy, and 

 turned his arms against Scanderbeg, who however npul-<d him at 

 the siege of Croia. He then marched against liui ..m. he 



defeated with great loss. Murad died of illness at Adrianople, in 1451, 

 after a reign of thirty years. Murad ponessed several great qualities, 

 but was censual aud cruel. He was succeeded by Mahomet II. 



MUKAD 111., son of Selim II., succeeded his father iu U>7A, being 

 then thirty-one years old. In 157S hu began a war against I 

 which lant<-d till 15HO, when peace was made, 1'ersia belli,: 

 resign to the Turks the towns of Tabriz, Geuge, SMrvan, ami I 

 with tli < .'*. In l;"ili'J he neat nil army into Hungary, which 



1 the? Au-tiUiis near Gran, and took the fortress of H;iab. 

 But afterwards the Turk met with reverses, and the i 



of Transylvania having joined the emperor, and 

 Yalachia having revolted against the sultan, the Turks lost Orsowu 

 and SiliMiiu. u n!i n vast number of men. In the midst of these dis- 

 asters, Murad died of the stone, at Constantinople, in January 151*5, 

 and was succeeded by hi* eldest eon Mahomet. Murad was fond i 

 war, and yet never went to the field iu ],cr>n. 



MI'IIAJ) IV.,niplie\v of sultan Mustapha I., who was 



. m-cei d>-d bin uncle when fourteen years oN. 



The first yran of his reign were marked by rcverycn on the side of 

 Hungary as well as on the frontiers of Persia, the ottomans being 

 then at war both with the emperor and tho shah ; but in 1027, Sultan 



