Ill 



MUSIS, AUOUSTIHD8 DE. 



MUSTAPHA IV. 



411 



MUSIS. AUOUSTIN US DE. [VBVEUAKO Aooanso.] 

 ill .lUKUS, CAIUS, a Stoic philosopher of the 1st 



eantnry or oar ere, a mentioned with praise by Tacitus (' Ann. 1 xiv. 

 59), and lo by Pliny the younger, Philostratus, Themutius, aud 

 others. H WM a uatito of VuUiuii in Etruria, and belonged to the 

 Equestrian order. He wai a frieud of Tkrasea i'netui, liarea Soranua, 

 Uubelliua Plautua, and other stoics, who ware the viotimi of Nero's 

 rntr-H-"- and cruelty. Musoniua WM banished to Uyaroa, where he 

 is *aid to have been vuited by many Qreeka for the purpose of listening 

 to hi* InsMiii Being recalled after Nero's death, he lired at Homo 

 under Vespasian, who axcepted him from the sentence of exile pro- 

 nouooed by that prince against the Stoic philosophers. Thu scanty 

 information u all that we hare concerning the biography of Musonius 

 Rnfua. (Nieuwland, ' Dtasertatio deMuaonio Hufo, Philosopho Stoioo.') 

 FragmeuU of bis works are found in Stobseus, and have been colleotd 

 and published, with the above dissertation and copious notes, under 

 the title of 'C. Moaonii Bufi, Philosophi Stoici, Kcliquiro, et Apoph- 

 UugmaU, earn Annotations, edidit T. Venbuizen Peerlkamp, Courector 

 Oymiiasu UarlemenaU,' 8ro, Haarlem, 1822. These fragments of 

 Musonius are full of the purest morality and wisdom. 



MUSSCHKXUUOKK, PKl'KR VAN, was born at Leyden, March 14, 

 1693. Ue received a good clmrionl education in the University of 

 hi* native city, being a pupil of Perizonius and Oronoviui, and after- 

 wards applied himself to the study of medicine, which science, as well 

 aa those of chemistry and natural philosophy, he studied under 

 Senguerd, Bid loo, Le Clerc, Burnard, Albiuun, Boerhaave, and Ran. 

 He WM exceuively fond of the mathematical sciences. In 1717 he 

 formed an intimacy with the celebrated s'Graveaaude, and their tastes 

 being similar, tliey pursued their studies together. The introduction 

 into Holland of the Newtonian system of philosophy, and the science 

 of experimental physic*, was principally owing to the labours of these 

 two men. They worked together with equal zeal aud success, but in 

 different paths; s'Qravesande took the mathematical or theoretical 

 part of physios, while Musaonenbroek applied himself more particularly 

 to experimental physics, in which he excelled, and in which he made 

 a great many discoveries. 



Un the occasion of taking his degree of Doctor of Medicine, in 1718, 

 Musschenbroek wrote an inaugural dissertation, ' De aoris pmsentia 

 in humoribua anlmalium ;' a very clever production, which contains a 

 description of many careful experiments, from which accurate conclu- 

 sions were drawn, and, though published nearly a century and a half 

 go, it may still be read with interest. The author showed in this 

 dissertation both a fondness and talent for experimental philosophy, 

 and be was luckily placed under favourable circumstances for the 

 development of this talent. At the commencement of hia career th 

 peculations of Deacartea were rapidly dissipating before the lighta of 

 the Newtonian philosophy, but they still retained some supporters ; 

 Muascheobroek therefore determined to visit England, for the purpose 

 of teeing Newton and making himself fully acquainted with hia system. 

 While in London, he was introduced to Dr. Deaaguliers, and other 

 eeUntific men besides Newton; and on hia return to Holland, he 

 soon came into publio notice. In 1719 he was appointed professor 

 of philosophy and mathematics, and professor extraordinary of medi- 

 cine in the University of Doesburg on the Rhine, where he gained 

 great reputation by his lectures. In 1723 ha was invited to fill the 

 diair of philosophy and mathematics in the University of Utrecht, 

 which had been long distinguished as a school for legal studies, and 

 which Musaohrnbroek soon rendered equally well known in the depart- 

 ment of natural philosophy. He remained at Utrecht many years, 

 and this city WM the seat of Us principal labour*. The curators of 

 the university were so fully impressed with the importance of keeping 

 hia services, that they conferred on him, in 1732, the professorship of 

 astronomy. In 1737 George IL of Kngland, elector of Hanover, 

 offered to MuMcbeobroek a professorship in the newly established 

 University of Oottingeo. The offer was refused, but two years after- 

 wards ha accepted the professorship of mathematics in bin native city, 

 Leyden. which had become vacant by the death of Wittichiua, MuV 

 sebaobroek remained attached to the University of Leyden for thn 

 reaueJnJsr of bis life, though ha WM successively invited to fill other 

 pBOsatmsot. by the kings of 1'ru.sis and Spain, and by the emperor 

 of Russia. He died on the 19th of September 1761, in the seventieth 

 year of hi* age. 



lie follow.ng are Muanhenbroek's principal works : 

 1. Kpiloma eletnentonim pbysico-mathematicorum,' 12mo, Leyden, 

 ITS*. This work went through several editions, each succeeding 

 edition bring eooaidarably altered and improved. It WM reprinted in 

 1734. under the altered titl. of < Elementa 1'hy.icaV 8vo, Leyd-n. 

 An Kogliah translation WM made of this work by Col-oti in 1744, 

 f vola, 8vo. The bat edition of thin work appeared after the death of 

 the author in 1791, and was named ' Introductio ad 1'hilosopbinm 

 Naturalem.' ThU edition ia much more complete than either of the 

 former, and contains a very good summary of all that WM than known 

 on natural philosophy. These three editions are often spokrn of M 

 distinct works, though it la only the titles that are different. 



Tin. introduction to natural pbiloaophy (the last edition is here 

 referred to, which is the moat complete) contains many original 

 rwaarebaa, on the aobaslon of bodies, on the phosphor scent properties 

 which mauy substances acquire from exposure to light, and on various 



points in experimental physics. It also includes a much more com- 

 plete table of specific gravities than had before been published, entirely 

 formed from the author's own investigations. Kigaud de l...r..n,i 

 translated the 'Introductio ad Philosopbiam' into French (1769, 

 voK). This translation must not be confounded with another 

 which appeared at an earlier date (1739) with the title of 'Ksaai da 

 Physique,' which WM translated by Dr. Massuet from a Dutch edition 

 of tiie tome work, published by Muasohenbroek, which Dutch edition 

 (containing many researches which were not included in the later 

 Latin ones) WM written in a popular style for the purpose, which it 

 fully answered, of diffusing a taste for natural philosophy iu Holland 

 among those who were not acquainted with the learned language*. 



2. The work which has gained the author moat celebrity U his 

 'Physiese Experimentales, et Geometrical) Dissertationes,' Leyden, 

 17'J'J. 4 to. This work consists of four treatises: one on the magnet, 

 one on capillary attraction, one on the size of tha earth, aud one on 

 the cohesion of txxlie*. All these dissertations contain many interest- 

 ing researches and new experiments, which were conducted with great 

 care. The labours of Musschenbroek on the power of cohesion between 

 different bodies were very great ; and he afterwards rendered his obser- 

 vations on this subject more complete in the introduction to natural 

 philosophy mentioned above. He greatly extruded the science of 

 magnetism by his memoir in the present work, though he improved 

 his knowledge at a later period respecting the laws of magnetic 

 attraction, and iu 1754 published, 



3. ' Dianertatio Phy.-ica Experimentalis de Magneto,' 4to, Vienna. 



4. In 1731 Musschenbroek published at Leyden, in 4 to, a Latin 

 translation of the ' Saggi di Naturali Ksperien/.e fatte uell' Aocadeiuia 

 del Cimento,' which appeared at Florence in 1667. Thi work, 

 valuable in itself, was rendered much more so in the translation by 

 the numerous notes and additions of Musschenbroek, which contain 

 an account of some new experiments on the dilatation of different 

 bodies by heat, and also a description of a pyrometer whioh he had 

 invented, and which was the first instrument of the kind which had 

 been made. 



Besides the above works Musschenbroek delivered several public 

 orations, whioh have been published. He also wrote many papers on 

 meteorology (a subject to which he paid considerable attention), some 

 of which appeared iu the 'Memoirs of the French Academy of 

 Sciences,' and some in the ' Transactions of the Royal Society of 

 London.' He published some observations on the Leyden phial, in 

 the 'Memoirs of the French Academy of Sciences' far 1746; and a 

 ' Dissertation on Barometers,' which was printed iu the ' Memoirs of 

 the Academy of St. Petersburg.' 



MU.STAPHA.or MUSTAFA I, Sultan of the Turks, succeed, d iu 

 1617 his brother Ahmed I. ; but a few months after WM deposed by 

 the janissaries, who placed on the throne his nephew Othman. A few 

 years later the janissaries revolted ajain, deposed Othman, put him to 

 death, and recalled Mustapha to the throne in lt>22. Shortly after a 

 fresh revolt deposed him again, and he WM taken to the cattle of the 

 Seven Towers in 1623, where he was strangled some years afterwards. 



MUSTAPHA II , eon of Mahomet IV.,8Uoceeded his uncle Ahmed II. 

 in 1695. In the following year he defeated the Austriana at the buttle 

 of Temeswar, but was defeated in September 16U7 by Prince Eugene, 

 near Zenta, in Hungary. The seraskier in the meantime hod recon- 

 quered Chios from the Venetians, By the peace of Corlowiti in 1699, 

 the sultan acknowledged the dominion of Venice over the Morea and 

 several districts in Dalmatia; and gave up Azof to Russia, and 

 Karuiuiek to Poland. Mustapha then withdrew to Adrianople, where 

 he gave himself up to sensuality. Hia neglect of the public affairs 

 caused a formidable revolt to break out in the capital, and the insur- 

 gents marched upon Adriinople, and at the same time offered the 

 throne to Ahmed, Mustapha's brother, who took the title of Ahmed III. 

 Mustapha died in confinement, it WM reported by a natural death, six 

 mouths after his deposition, in 1703. 



MUSTAPUA 111., son of Ahmed III., succeeded his cousin, 

 Othman III., in 1757. He had been strictly confined iu the teraglio 

 ever since the deposition of hia father in 1730, but after ascending the 

 throne he showed considerable firmness of character, and effected 

 several reforms in the administration. He engaged in 1769 in an 

 unlucky war agaiust Russia, in which he lost the Crimea and Bessarabia, 

 but did not live to see its termination. He died in 1774, and WM suc- 

 ceeded by his brother, Abdul llamid. His son, Selim HI., afterwardi 

 sueoaeded Abdul Hamid in 17S9. 



MUHTAl'HA IV., son of Abdul Hamid, was placed on the throne 

 by the janissaries, who had deposed sultan Selim III. in May 1807. 

 Mustapha was ignorant, weak, and cruel, and a tool in the hands of 

 the janissaries. Mustafa Bairaktar, pasha of Riidshuk, and a friend of 

 Selim, collected an army aud marched to the rescue of his matter. 

 He entered Constantinople and attacked the seraglio, demanding that 

 Selim should be restored to him. Mustapha gave him up, but it WM 

 only the dead body of Selim, for he had been strangled by order of 

 Muotapba at the approach of his deliverers. Bairaktar deposed 

 MunUpha, aud placed his brother Mahmud on the throne in July 

 1808. [MAHMUD II.] In th following November a revolt of tha 

 janissaries broke out which luted three days, and a great part of 

 Constantinople was burnt down. Balnktar, Mahmud's grind vizier, 

 perished; and the Jonissarie*, being triumphant, were shouting for 



