til 



NAUDE, GABRIEL. 



NAVARRETE, MARTIN FERNANDEZ DE. 



112 



of Mothon and the brother and master of the younger Polycletus of 

 Argos, and, Bays Thierech, was oue of the most important artists 

 between Alcamenes and Praxiteles. Pliny mentions a Mercury, a 

 Discobolus, and a man sacrificing a ram, by him. Pausanias notices 

 six other of his works : a Hebe, in ivory and gold, placed near the 

 celebrated chryselephantine statue of Juno at Mycenae by Polycletus ; 

 the rest were in bronze a Hecate at Argos, and four victors at the 

 Olympic games, one of Eucles at Rhodes, two of Chimon, one of 

 which was at Olympia, the other in the Temple of Peace at Rome, 

 and the fourth of Bacis the wrestler. A tenth work by Naucydes, a 

 bronze statue of Erinna, is mentioned by Tatian. The two statues of 

 Chimon were, according to Pausaniaa (vi. 9), his best works. He was 

 the master of Alypus of Sicyon. The well-known Discobolus in repose, 

 standing with the quoit in his hand, is sometimes called the Disco- 

 bolus of Naucydes, but without the slightest foundation. (Junius, 

 Catalogiu Artifimm ; Thierscb, Ueber die Epochen der Bildenden Kunat 

 unter den Oriechen.) 



NAUDfi, GABRIEL, was bora at Paris in 1600; and displayed at 

 an early age a great aptitude for philological and critical studies. In 

 1622-23 he studied medicine, but it was not till several years later 

 that he took his Doctor's degree in that science at Padua. In 1624 

 he marie bis first journey into Italy, and on his return to Paris he 

 published his work, ' Apologie pour les grandes Personnages fausse- 

 ment accused de Magie,' 1625. In 1631 he accompanied the papal 

 nuncio Cardinal de' Bagni on bis return to Rome, and was appointed 

 his librarian. While he was at Rome the controversy concerning the 

 authorship of the book 'De> Imitatioue Christi' began. [K EMITS, 

 THOMAS A.] The Benedictines claimed the authorship for one of 

 their order, John Gersen, abbot of Vercelli ; whilst the regular canons 

 of St. Gdnevieve claimed it for Thomas a Kempia. Nando, being in 

 Italy, was requested to examine several manuscripts of the work in 

 question. His report was unfavourable to the claims of the Bene- 

 dictinei, who were much incensed against him, and accused him of 

 bad faith. The affair then came before the courts in the shape of a 

 charge of defamation ; the suit lasted for years, and was at last coru- 

 promis- d. In 1610 Cardinal de' Bagni died, and Naude, after remain- 

 ing some time with Cardinal Barberini, the nephew of the reigning 

 pope Urban VIII., was recalled to Paris in 1642, and appointed libra- 

 rian to Cardinal Mazarin. In this capacity he travelled through several 

 parts of Europe to collect books and manuscripts to enrich his patron's 

 library, which was afterwards sold according to a sentence of the 

 parliament of Paris, during the civil war of La Fronde, to the great 

 sorrow of Xaude, who attempted to prevent what he considered an 

 act of barbarism, ' Avis a Nosseigneurs du Parlement sur la Vente de 

 la Bibliotheque du Cardinal Mazarin,' 1652. On receiving an invitation 

 from Queen Christina of Sweden to be her librarian, Naudd went to 

 Stockholm in 1652, where he was very well received. The climate of 

 Sweden not agreeing with his health, he set out to return to Paris, but 

 died on his way, at Abbeville, in July 1653. 



Naudd wrote numerous works in French and Latin, a catalogue of 

 which is annexed to the ' Naudaeana, ou Singularity remarquables 

 prises des Conversations de M. Naudd,' 1701 and 1703; the latter 

 edition is by Bayle. His principal works are 1, 'Instruction a la 

 France sur la Veritd de 1'Histoire des Freres de la Rose Croix,' 1623, 

 in which he shows the absurdity of the wonderful stories concerning 

 the Rosicrucians, which had begun in Germany, and were then spread- 

 ing into France ; 2, ' Bibliographia Politica,' being a list of the principal 

 writers upon politic-, with his own remark* ; 3, ' Avis pour dresser 

 une Bibliotheque,' 1627 ; 4, ' Additions a 1'Histoire de Louis XI.,' 

 1630 : 5, ' De Studio Militari Syntagma ; ' 6, ' Jugement de tout ce qui 

 a dt<5 imprimd contre le Cardinal Mazarin,' 4to, 1650 ; 7, ' La Marfore, 

 ou discours contre les Libelles ; ' 8, ' Considerations politiques sur les 

 Coups d'Etat,' Home, 1639. Naude says that be wrote this work at 

 the request of and for the private perusal of his patron Cardinal de' 

 Bagni, who however for his own convenience had twelve copies of it 

 printed. The work was afterwards reprinted in Holland in 1667, and 

 again in 1673, with comments by way of refutation, by L.D.M. (Louis 

 Dumaz). The principles broached in this book are of a similar 

 nature with those of the ' Principe ' of Machiavelli. Among other 

 things Naudd (in cli. iii.) approves of the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 

 not on religious but on political grounds, considering the Huguenots 

 u obstinate rebels, and says that the obloquy which has been thrown 

 upon it is, " because it was done only by half; for had all the heretics 

 in France been cut off, the country would afterwards have enjoyed 

 perfect tranquillity." 



Naudd appears however to have been in himself a man of irre- 

 proachable morals, of great learning, but self-opinionated and some- 

 what paradoxical. Father Jacob, in his ' Gabrielis Naudsei Tumulus,' 

 1659, has collected all the eulogies and epitaphs that have been written 

 in hU honour. 



NAUNTON, SIR ROBERT, a diplomatic statesman, was born in 

 1563, and was the son of Henry Naunton of Alderston, in Suffolk. 

 He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge. He attended his uucle, 

 William Ashby, when he was sent as ambassador by Queen Elizabeth 

 to Scotland in 1589, and being sometimes trusted with the manage- 

 ment of important business connected with the mission, he was thus 

 initiated in diplomatic life. In 1596, he was sent by Essex to France, 

 with letters to Antonio Perez, formerly Spanish secretary, probably 



with a view of securing the services of that statesman to the English 

 government, or at least of sounding his intentions. Returning home, 

 he was, in the same year, appointed tutor to a young gentleman named 

 Vernon, of whom the Earl of E^sex was guardian. He proceeded with 

 his pupil to the Hague, and thence to France, in company with the 

 French ambassador, the Due de Bouillon ; and it is mauifest that the 

 object hidden under his appointment, and hia journey, was to give 

 Essex the services of so able a man as a spy on the French court. He 

 seems to have been naturally of a candid disposition, which did not 

 easily mould itself into the pliant morality necessary for successfully 

 conducting the service required of him. He wrote many complaining 

 letters to his patron. " The best allowance of credit I can have," he 

 says in one of them, "is but in nature of betwixt a pedagogue and a 

 spy ; both trades I know not whether more odious or base, as well in 

 their eyes with whom I live as my own." After the fall of Essex, 

 little seems to be known of him, until 1614, when he reappears as 

 member of Parliament for Helstone ; a favourite of King James on 

 account of his scholarship ; and one of the persons patronised by 

 Buckingham. He was sworn secretary of state, on the 8th of January 

 1618. Having afterwards opposed the favourite's friend, Gondomar, tho 

 Spanish ambassador, he was deprived of office, but he was subsequently 

 appointed master of the Court of Wards. He died on Good Friday, 

 1635. His ' Fragmenta Regalia ; memoirs of Elizabeth, her court, and 

 favourites,' was greedily perused in manuscript and frequently copied 

 over, until it was printed in 1641. It has passed through several editions. 

 This little book is remarkable as one of the very few which in that 

 age noticed political events and characters in their relation to the 

 progress of the constitution ; a purpose on which the writer brought 

 to bear a sagacious spirit and animated style. 



NAVARE'TE, JUAN HERNANDEZ, was born at Logrono hi 

 Caetile. He is commonly known by the name of ' El Mudo,' from 

 having been rendered deaf and dumb by an illness in the third year of 

 his age. This misfortune probably led to the choice of the profession 

 of a painter, in which he made such rapid progress in the school of 

 Fr. Vincente, at Madrid, that he was soon able to visit Italy, and 

 especially to study at Venice the works of Titian. After his return to 

 Madrid in 156S, he was appointed painter to the king, for whom he 

 painted his finest works, which are preserved in the Escurial. Among 

 them are a small picture of the Baptism of our Saviour in the Stable, 

 the celebrated ' Presepio,' in which the principal light proceeds from 

 the infant; the 'St. Hippolytus, in search by night of the body of 

 St. Lawrence ;' and a Holy Family, generally considered as his master- 

 piece, iu which the singularity of the accessories attracted as much 

 notice as the beauties of the composition. These accessories were a 

 cat, a dot', aud a partridge. They were perhaps the cause of his beiug 

 obliged to bind himself iu a contract with King Philip not to introduce 

 cats, &c., again in such subjects : " Y en las diuhas pinturas non 

 pongo, gato, ui perro, ni otra figura que sia deahonesta." His works 

 at Valencia, Salamanca, and Estrella are scarcely inferior to the 

 preceding, and all are distinguished by a brilliancy of colouring which 

 justly gained him the appellation of 'El Ticiano Espanol.' He died iu 

 1577, aged fifty-three years. 



NAVARRETE, DOMINGO FERNANDEZ, a learned Spanish 

 Dominican of the 17th century, was sent in 1647 as missionary to the 

 Philippine Islands, whence he afterwards proceeded to China, where 

 he remained many years as head of the missions of his order, studying 

 at the same time the language nnd the history of the country. He 

 was at last put in prison by the Chinese authorities, but succeeded in 

 escaping to Macao, wheuce he returned to Europe in 1673. He went 

 to Rome, and was well received by the pope, to whom he gave an 

 account of the missions in China, in which he exposed the latitudiua- 

 rianism of the Jesuits in accommodating themselves to several of the 

 superstitions of the natives, in order to increase the number of their 

 pretended converts. This practice had already been denounced by 

 Morales, another Dominican, and condemned by a pupal decree of the 

 12th of September 1645, of which Morales was the bearer to China. 

 The Jesuits however, having obtained from Rome several modifications 

 of this decree, persisted in their practices, which Navarrete himself 

 appears to have winked at while in China. In 1678 he was appointed 

 archbishop of Santo Domingo in the West Indies, where he died in 

 the following year. 



Navarrete wrote a work in Spanish, which has become very scarce, 

 on the history and the moral and political condition of China, the 

 first volume of which was published at Madrid in 1676; but the 

 second volume, which contained an account of the disputes between 

 the Jesuits and the Dominicans iu China, is said to have been sup- 

 pressed by the Inquisition. This work is entitled ' Tratados historicos, 

 politicos, ethicos, y religiosos de la Monarchia de China,' fol., Madrid, 

 1676. It contains many curious particulars. At the end of the first 

 volume are several decisions and decrees of the popes concerning tho 

 regulation of the Chinese missions. 



NAVARRE'TE, MARTIN FEKNANDEZ DE, a Spanish scientific 

 naval officer and historical investigator, who had the good fortune to 

 bring to light materials of unusual value. He was born at the town 

 of Abalos in Old Castile, on the 9th of November 1765 ; and his uncle, 

 who was afterwards grand master of the Knights of Malto, being high 

 in influence among them, he was received into the order of St. John of 

 Jerusalem on the 9th of August 1768, or three months before he was 



