NAVARRKTB, MARTIN FERNANDEZ DE. 



NEALCE8. 



three yn old. The Count of Pebafiorida, the patron of the school 

 of Veorara, where he studied Lotin and mathematics, took a fancy 

 to **nd to Don Tomas Iriarte, the then fashionable poet, the 

 une* in which aome of the boys had celebrated his popular poem 

 of 'Music,' and Iriarte wai ao pleased with those of Navarrete 

 that he befaii a literary correspondence with him, and invited the 

 young aabolar to viiit him at hia hooae at Madrid. Soon after, in 

 1780, Navarrete entered the naval service, and became a 'guardia 

 mapp*,' or midshipman, at FerroL In the next year, on board of the 

 Conception, he wai one of the Spanish fleet under Cordova which, 

 during that part of the American war, cruised unassailed in the 

 Kiu-luh Channel ; and be wai at the disastrous attack of the Spanish 

 floating bitteries OB Gibraltar, in September 1 782. After some cruises 

 againrt the Moon and Algetines, Navorrete was. in 1780, obliged to 

 quit active service for some time on account of the state of his health,; 

 and Us character of a naval and literary man combined procured for 

 him the commission from the new king, Charles IV., to examine the 

 national archive* to form a collection of documents relative to the 

 naval history of the kingdom, and in particular that of the voyages of 

 discovery which bavo conferred such immortal honour on Spain. This 

 as the commencement of Navarrete'B great work, the first volume of 

 which did not appear till thirty-six years after. In 1793 the Spanish 

 drclsration of war against the French republic recalled him to sea, 

 and in 1786 the declaration of war with England kept him there ; but 

 his health was still weak, and when in 1797 his friend Langara became 

 minister of marine he provided Navamte (now risen to the rank of 

 captain in the navy) with a post in his office at Madrid. His life 

 after this appears to have been as undisturbed by violent changes as a 

 life in that country and time could possibly be. At the outset of the 

 war of independence he refused to accept office under the French, and 

 ho removed to Seville, but be took no active share in the war. He 

 was re-iustated in office as soon as Ferdinand r-turned, nnd for many 

 yean continued to be the great naval authority of Spain, the moving 

 power of the Admiralty, although the title he bore was that of chief 

 of the Uydrographie department, to which he wag appointed in 1323. 

 In the midst of his official duties his zeal for literature never slack- 

 ened: bo left behind him two volumes of poems, though he never 

 showed them to any but his most intimate friends. As a member of 

 the Spanith Academy, he proposed, about 1815, the new system of 

 orthography which was adopted for its Dictionary, and has been 

 followed by many of the Spanish writers. As secretary of the 

 Academy of San Fernando, which is that of the Fine Arts, he was 

 always at his post, and to their ' Transactions.' and those of the 

 Academy cf History, be was a contributor of valuable papers. He 

 was also the author of numtrous works, some of which are of great 

 importance from the information they contain. He held his offices 

 and also a distinguished place in the literary society of Madrid through 

 several revolutions; and in 1834, when the Estatuto Real established 

 a chamber of pern on the French model, he was one of the first peers 

 created. He died at Madrid, on the 8th of October lb-14, at tho age 

 of seventy-eight. 



The great work of Navarrete is the 'Coleccion de loa Viages y 

 Precuhr itnientos que hicierou por mar loa Espsuoles desde fines del siglo 

 XV.' (' Collection of the voyages and maritime discoveries made by the 

 Spaniards since the close of the 15th century'). The work was to con- 

 sit of seven quarto volumes : the first and second were published in 

 1825, the third in 1829, the fourth and fifth in 1837, the sixth and 

 seventh, chiefly consisting of documents relating to Columbus, have not 

 yet appeared in print, but the materials for them were left by Navar- 

 rct- at his death, arranged for publication and only awaiting the intro- 

 ductions and notes he intended to add to them. The book is described 

 by Humboldt as "one of the most iiui ortaut historian! monument* of 

 modern times." Washington Irving, who went to Madrid expressly for 

 the purpose of trnlstiog it, afterwards changed his intention and 

 wove UM new matter which it supplied into the ' Life of Columbus,' 

 in which in fact little belongs to Irving, except the style. This mode of 

 dealing with the materials was perhaps the best that could have been 

 adopted under the drcamstanoes. A French translation of Navarrete's 

 works wbiob was commenced never advanced beyond a few volumes. 

 Navarrete was a man who let no day go by without searching into 

 somatbiDf, who habitually read with a pen in his band, who had an ex- 

 cellent memory for names and dates, and other small facts of all kinds, 

 and a talent for combining their result* ; but he lacked the power of 

 Modeoeation ; be was not a man to write a European classic ; bis pre- 

 judice aa a Spaniard of the old school influenced not only his writing*, 

 bat in iu absolute theory interfered with his dignity as an historian. 

 Perhaps be did himself an injury by the learning with which he loaded 

 hi* volume*. la bis ' Coleccion ' the number of new documents 

 brought forward in the first two volumes, is said to have been five 

 huooW and while the work is one which is absolutely indispensable 

 in every large library, and neoetaary to be consulted by every inquirer 

 into the subject of which it treats, it is little read and is mainly 

 known aa a mine for others to dig in. One of the most interesting 

 volume* of the Hakloyt Society, Mr. Majors letters of Columbus, is 

 for the SBOM part taken from it. but there are few other documents in 

 UM collection of suoh *nrp*ainf interest as these. 



The other great work with which Navarrete was connected was the 

 de Documentoe Inedttos para la H uteri* de lispsna,' or 



'Collection of Unpublished Documents for the History of Spain,' 

 commenced by him iu 1842 in conjunction with Don Miguel Sulva 

 :in. I 1 ion Pedro Sainz de Barsuda, It was and is published in numbers, 

 and one of the editors on bringing a uumuvr to Navarrete once 

 remark. d, "Well, volume three is done at last;" 'Three," the old 

 man replied with vivacity, " I wish there were three hundred, and that 

 I saw them on my shelves. Without such publications we shall never 

 have a history of Spain." He died when it had reached the fifth 

 volume, and the last uumben we have seen belong to the twenty-fifth, 

 and were issued in 1855, by Don Miguel de Salva and the Marquis de 

 Pida!, the latter a member of tho SpaoUh cabinet, and also eminent as 

 a roan of letters. This collection is one of the most important now 

 publishing in Europe, and is, like Navarrete's previous one, imli-- 

 pensable in every large library. It has been frequently laid under 

 contribution by English and American writers ; iu particular by Mr. 

 Helps, Mr. Prescott, and Mr. Stirling. 



Among Navarrete's other works is the most copious life of Cervantes 

 yet written, originally prefixed to a now edition of ' Don Quixote.' and 

 afterwards separately published iu 1819. It contains a very large 

 number of new facts which he had unearthed by patient research. A 

 work entitled ' The Life and Writings of Cervantes, by Thouiat Koscoe,' 

 which was published by Tejjg in 1839 as a portion of Murray's ' Family 

 Library,' appears to be entirely taken from Navarrete without acknow- 

 ledgment; at least, iu several passages that we have compared we 

 have been unable to discover any difference. A history of tho part that 

 the Spaniards took in the Crusades, which was contributed by Navarrete 

 to the ' Memoirs ' of the Spanish Academy of History, and a translation 

 of which was inserted by Michaud in hit ' Histoire des Croisiul< s,' was 

 a portion of a general history of maritime affaire in .Spain which he 

 left behind him complete, and which is likely to be published by the 

 Spanish Academy of History in two or three volumes quarto. That 

 academy issued in 1846 a ' Dissertation on the History of the Nautical 

 and Mathematical Sciences in Spain,' which Navarrete hod, it is said, 

 been at work upon occasionally for fifty years. His next important 

 work after that is a view of the discoveries of the Spaniards on tho 

 western coasts of North America, prefixed to a narrative of the 

 ' Voyage of the Sutil and Mexican on the Coasts of California,' pub- 

 lished in 1802. The book was frequently referred to in the disputes 

 between the English and American governments respecting the Oregon 

 territory. 



A collection of the smaller works of Navarrote, 'Coleccion do 

 OpuBculoV was commenced iu 1848 by his sons, hut has not been 

 carried farther, we believe, than two volumes, though it was intended 

 to consist of five or six, comprising a selection from his correspondence, 

 and an extended account of hia life and times. The two volumes 

 mainly consist of short biographies of Spanish literary men nd seamen, 

 which hod mostly been scattered in periodicals and transactions of 

 academies. 



NI-'.AL, DANIEL, an English dissenting divine and writer of con- 

 siderable eminence, was born in London on the 14th of December 1678. 

 His early education was received at Merchant Taylors' School. In 

 1697 ho entered the academy of the Kev. Thomas Howe ; and after 

 having continued there about three years, went to prosecute his studies 

 at Utrecht and Leyden. On returning to England he became assistant 

 to Dr. Singleton, the pastor of an independent congregation iu A Iders- 

 gate-street; and at the death of the latter in 1706 was chown hix 

 successor. Notwithstanding bis official duties, in discharging which 

 he was eminently faithful, he found leisure for literary labours. In 

 1720 he published a ' History of New England,' and subsequently 

 edited a ' Narrative of the Method of Inoculating for Small-pox,' as 

 practised in New England. His printed discourses also are numerous. 

 l!ut bis chief work is tlie 'History of the 1'uritaus,' which is written 

 with great minuteness and accuracy. It was originally published in 

 4 vols. 8vo, the first of which appeared iu 1732, and the sccoud, third, 

 and fourth in 1733, 1736, and 1738 respectively. It has since passed 

 through many editions. The first volume was reviewed by Dr. Maddox, 

 bishop of St. Asaph, and the remaining volumes by Dr. Kaclmry Grey. 

 To tbe former Neal himself replied ; and an answer was given to the 

 Litter by Dr. Toulmin, iu an edition of Neal's ' Hi-tory,' published ill 

 1797. Neal died at Bath in April 1743, highly esteemed by the dis- 

 senting body both as an author and a divine. (Neal's Life, by 

 Toulmin.) 



Ni:\l.<T,S (NtoAKTjs). probably of Sicyon, a celebrated Greek 

 painter, contemporary with Aratus of Sicyou, about B.C. 213. Few of 

 bis works are mentioned, but be was tbe most celebrated painter of 

 his time. Pliny mentions a Venus by him, and a battle between the 

 Egyptians and Persians ou the Nile. To show the locality ot' IPS. 

 battle, Nealoes pointed an ass drinking at the side of the river, and a 

 crocodile lying in wait for him au ingenious application of accesso- 

 ries, of which there are also many othir examples iu the history of 

 (in ek painting. Nealoes is one of tho painters whom tradition repre- 

 sent* as having succeeded by accident in painting the foam on a horse's 

 mouth with bis sponge. 



Aratus, in his zeal against tho tyrants, waged war even against pic- 

 tures, and resolved to destroy all their portraits which were preserved 

 on. This he did with one exception : Nealces saved the portrait 

 of Aristrutus by Melauthius and Apelles from the common destruc- 

 tion, but only partially. Aristratus was represented standing by u 



