445 



NEANDER, CHRISTOPHER FREDERIC. 



NEARCHUS. 



416 



chariot of Victory ; Nealces painted out the figure of Aristratus, aud 

 substituted a palm-tree in its place. " The piece was so admirable," 

 says Plutarch, " that Aratus coull not avoid feeling the art that was 

 displayed in it ; but his hatred of tyrants soon overruled that feeling, 

 and he ordered it to be defaced." Nealces the painter, who was 

 honoured with his friendship, is said to have implored him with tears 

 to spare that piece ; and when he found him inflexible, said, " Aratus, 

 continue your war with tyrants, but not with everything that belongs 

 to them ; spare at least the chariot and the Victory, and I shall soon 

 make Aristratus vanish." Aratus gave bis consent, and Nealces 

 defaced the figure of Aristratus, but did not venture to put anything 

 in its place except a palm-tree. 



Anaxandra, the daughter of Nealces, was likewise distinguished for 

 her paintings ; and his colour-grinder, Erigonus, became a painter, and 

 acquired great honour through the celebrity of his pupil Pasias. 

 (Pliny, Hut. Nat., xxxv. 11, 40; Plutarch, Aratui, 13.) 

 NEANDER, CHRISTOPHER FREDEKIC, deservedly esteemed 

 as the author of some of the best specimens of devotional poetry in 

 the German language, was equally estimable as a man. He was boru 

 at Ekau in Courland, on the 26th of December 1724, aud lost his 

 father when about eight years old, but was so fortunate as to possess 

 in bis surviving parent not only a tender guardian, but a model for 

 those virtues by which he afterwards distinguished himself. Having 

 completed hU studies at the University of Halle, he first became tutor 

 in a private family, and in 1750 was appointed pastor of a small con- 

 gregation in a retired part of the country, to whom, and to the duties 

 of l:is office, he became so attached, that when a professorship at 

 Halle was pressingly offered him he refused to accept it, preferring to 

 remain in obscurity, where he felt that he could be eminently useful. 

 He afterwards however accepted the more lucrative living of Griinzhof, 

 that he might thereby be enabled to support a widowed sister and her 

 five children. By this change too the sphere of his usefulness was 

 greatly enlarged, for he became generally followed as a preacher. In 

 1775 he was made dean of the diocese of Doblen, and in 1784 super- 

 intendent of church matters in the duchies of Courland and Sem- 

 gallen ; but he still continued to reside among his congregation at 

 Granzhof. He died on the 21st of July 1802. As a writer, his fame 

 rests chiefly upon his ' Oeistliche Lieder,' a collection of devotional 

 songs, which may be regarded as models of that apparently easy, yet 

 in reality exceedingly difficult species of composition. At once ani- 

 mated, simple, diguiticd, and breathing heartfelt piety, they are the 

 genuine effusions of devotional feeling regulated by cultivated taste. 



NEANDEK, JOHANN AUGUST WILHELM, Professor of Theo- 

 logy in the University of Berlin, and a member of the Consistory of 

 the province of Bramlenburg, was born of Jewish parents, at Gottin- 

 gen, on the 15th of January 179. His early youth was spent in 

 Hamburg, where he was educated at the Gymnasium, and at the 

 Johanneum, a college founded on the tite of the ol 1 cathedral, in 

 which is placed a large public library. While pursuing hia studies 

 here he became a sincere aud zealous convert to the Christian faith, 

 assuming the came of Neander ('a new man,' from the Greek) on his 

 b&p'i-m. He tin n, in l."06, repaired to the University of Haile to 

 ftu<ly theology, an.l thence removed to that of Gottiugen. After a 

 short stay in Hamburg, in 1811, he transferred himself to the 

 University of Heidelberg, where bis remarkable theological" attain- 

 ment! obtained him in 1812 the situation of Professor Extraor- 

 dinary of Theology ; and in the same year his reputation occasioned 

 him to be called to a similar office in the University of Berlin. From 

 that time his whole life was devoted to the advancement of Christianity 

 by his writings, which have continued to gain an ever-extending 

 influence, aud to the interests of the university and of the students 

 under his care. The earliest published work which established his 

 reputation was ' The Emperor Julian and his Times,' which at once 

 showed that in this branch of Church history he was a master of his 

 art. This appeared in 1812 ; in 1813 was issued 'St. Bernard aud his 

 Times,' aud others followed on the principal Gnostic systems, on 

 St. Chrysostom and tlie Eastern Church, on Tertullian aud his 

 writings, 'Memorable Occurrences from the History of Christianity 

 and Christian Life,' between 1818 and 1826. These however 

 were only the preparatory labours for his valuable work, ' Universal 

 History of the Christian Religion and Church," in 5 vols., issued suc- 

 cessively between 1825 and 1845. This history, he says, is at once 

 " a speaking proof of the divine power of Christianity ; a school of 

 Christian experience ; a voice sounding through centuries for the 

 edification, the instruction, aud the warning of all who are willing to 

 hear." The development of the Christian Church and faith during 

 the Apostolic times formed the subject of his next work, ' Gescbichte 

 der Pflanznng und Leitung der Kirche durch die Apostel,' in 2 vols., 

 published in 1832 33. In these works he has with great ability com- 

 bated the neologiim and rationalism so prevalent in Germany, to 

 which he was ever as active an opponent as Schleieniiachcr. Hengnten- 

 berg, or Tholuck. In 1885 he issued 'Das Leben Jesu in peinem 

 geschichtligen zusammenhange ' ('The Life of Jeeus in its historical 

 relations '), a work which was written in direct refutation of that ol 

 Strauss bearing a similar title, and which with his ' General History 

 of the Church,' and the ' History of the Apostolic Church,' have had 

 great influence in England, and been highly valued. His reputation 

 ai * lecturer was also great, and his lectures were numerously attended 



After a short illness he died on July 14, 1850. His smaller occasional 

 writings were collected by himself, aud published in 1829 under the 

 title of ' Kleiuen Gelegenheitsschriften,' for the benefit of the Bible 

 Society of Berlin, of which he was always an earnest supporter. The 

 ' Life of Christ,' ' History of Christianity," ' History of the Planting of 

 Christianity and of the Apostolic Church,' and other of his works have 

 been translated into English, and form a part of Bonn's ' Ecclesiastical 

 Library.' 



NEARCHUS, the son of Androtimus, was a Cretan by birth, but 

 an inhabitant of Ainphipolis on the Strymou. He accompanied 

 Alexander in his invasion of Asia, and was appointed by him to con- 

 duct to the Persian Gulf the fleet which had been built on the 

 Hydaspes. The narrative of this voyage, the earliest of which any 

 account 13 given, was written by Nearchus himself; and though the 

 original journal has been lost, Arrian appears to have given us, in his 

 Indica,' everything of importance which it contained. Strabo and 

 3 liny have also preserved some account of this voyage, but their 

 narratives are full of mistakes and inconsistencies, and cannot be 

 compared with the full and accurate account of Arrian. 



Dodwell and some other modern critics have considered the journal 

 of Nearchus, as preserved by Arriau, to be spurious ; but its authen- 

 ticity has b< en fully established by Go-selin (' Gdographie des Grecs,' 

 ). 25), Sainte Crcix (' Ezameu Critique,' p. 250), aud especially by 

 Vincent (' Commerce and Navigation of the Antients in the Indian 

 Ocean,' vol. i., p. 68-77.) 



The fleet under Nearchus took its departure from a station south 

 of Pattala, about nine miles from the mouth of the Indus, in the 

 beginning of October, B.C. 326. After getting clear of the mouths of 

 the Indus, the first place which they reached in the Indian Ocean was 

 Krokela, which Arrian describes as a candy island. This place appears 

 ;o correspond to the modern Curacbee, or Crotchey Bay, iu which 

 ;here is a sandy island, dry at low-water. At Krokela, Arrian 'places 

 ibe commencement of the territory of the Arabii, an Indian nation, 

 aud its termination at the river Arabis. 



After remaining one day at Krokela, the fleet proceeded to the 

 .vest, keeping a promontory named Eirus (C. Monze) on the right, 

 and a low island, almost level with the sea, on their left, which ran 

 ~o near the coast as to leave only a narrow channel between both. 

 Having cleared this passage and doubled the cape, they came to a 

 Day, or harbour, protected from the ocean by an island called Bibacta 

 Churna, or Chilney). This harbour Nearchus called by the name 

 of Alexander, and here he determined to remain till the season should 

 be more favourable for his progress. It has been already remarked 

 that he left the mouths of the Indus at the beginning of October ; 

 and as the north-east monsoon does not commence till November, 

 and only becomes settled in December, a delay of some time was 

 almost unavoidable. Having remained at this place for twenty-four 

 iayn, be continued his voyage, though the monsoon had not yet com- 

 pletely changed ; but he proceeded very slowly for some days. The 

 fleet anchored successively at Donne, Saranga, Sakala, and Moron- 

 tobara, or Moroutobarbara, the position of which places cannot be 

 determined, aud Afterwards arrived at the mouth of the river Arabis 

 (Soumuauny), which separates the country of the Arabii from that of 

 the Oritse. From the Arabis they proceeded twelve miles and a half 

 to Pagala, and from I'agala nineteen miles to Kabaua, an open and 

 desert shore : between Pagala and Kabaua they lost two galleys and 

 a transport. From Kabanu they proceeded twelve miles to Kokala, 

 where Nearchus disembarked his men and formed a camp ou the 

 shore. Here Leounatus, who had been left in the country of the 

 Oritse by Alexander with a particular charge to attend to the preserva- 

 tion of the fleet, joined them, aud supplied them with provisions. 



After remaining some days at Kokala, they proceeded thirty-one 

 miles to the river Tomerus. This was the longest distance they 

 had sailed yet in a day ; and their progress corresponds to the 

 change of the monsoon, which wouM become more fixed about this 

 time. They remained six days at the Tomerus, where they found 

 barbarians, shaggy on the body as well as on the head, and with nails 

 sharp and long like the paws of wild beasts. Thence they proceeded 

 nearly nineteen miles to Malana (lias Malin), whine Arrian fixei the 

 boundaiy of the Oritso and the commencement of Gadrosia. The 

 whole of the coast from Malana to Cape Jask, a distance of 450 miles 

 in a right line, was inhabited by the Ichthyophagi (fish-eaters), who 

 lived almost entirely on fish. Their bread was dried fish, pounded 

 and made into loaves or cakes ; and even the- few cattle which they 

 had fed upon dried fish. Arrian's description of the coast aud the 

 people is confirmed by modern travellers, one of whom, quoted by 

 Vincent, informs us that "they have few ports, little corn or cattle; 

 their country is a low plain and desert ; their chief support .is fish, of 

 which they take some of a prodigious sizo : these they salt, partly for 

 their use, aud partly for exportation ; they eat their fish dry, and 

 give drieii fish likewise to their horses aud cattle." 



From Malana the fleet proceeded thirty-seven miles to Bagisara ; 

 and on the following day they sailed round a rock, or promontory, 

 which extended a considerable way into the sea (probably Cape 

 Aruuah), and proceeded successively to Kolta and Kalama (Kalyba), 

 where they found the dates green. Opposite to Kalaina was an island 

 called Karnino, which appears to be tho same as the modern Ashtola, 

 or Sungadeep Island. From Kalama they proceeded twelve miles to 



