I 



NEUKIRCH, BENJAMIN. 



NEWMAN, REV. JOHN HKNliY. 



promise*, hii popularity diminished, and he determined to leave the 

 Ult>.l, to li. it M be fsi.1. Uie tuccour of which he bad been disap- 

 point ol. Having arranged for conducting the government during his 

 absence, he quitted Corsica, and visited successively Italy, France, 

 and Holland. Being arrested for debt at Amsterdam, he was released 

 by a Jew and his associate*, who furnished him with funds to fit out 

 three m- reliant vessels and a frigate, witli which be appeared off the 

 island in 173$ ; but the Get oese had by thii time called in the aid 

 of thf French, who bad under M. de Roisseux made great progress in 

 putting down the insurgents ; and Theodor was afraid to Und, though 

 fit set on ahore some warlike stores. The next year the French, under 

 the Marquis de Mailleboix, a man of great promptitude and severity, 

 forced the insurgent* to lay down their arms. Theodor again appeared 

 off the inland in 1742; but the natives did not show any inclination 

 to receive him. He afterwards went to London, where he was- 

 imprisoned for debt, but obtained his release through the kind inter- 

 ference of Horace Walpole, and msde over his kingdom of Come a as 

 a security to his creditors. Theodor died in London, in December 

 1756, and was buried in St. Ann's churchyard, Westminster, where 

 the epitaph on bin tombstone records the singular events of bis life. 



NEl'KIKCH, BENJAMIN, a German poet of the 17th century, 

 was born at Iteinke, a village in Silesia, March 27, 1665. His earlier 

 productions partake of the bad taste which stamps that period of 

 German literature ; yet although he greatly improved after bis lite- 

 rary acquaintance with Canitz at Berlin, and was considered a reformer 

 in poetry during his own day, he possessed few of the requisites that 

 recommend a writer to posterity. Hence, though deserving a notice 

 in literary history, it is chiefly on account of bavin.- contributed to 

 bring a new mode of writing into rogue. His poetical translation of 

 Fcnelon's ' Ttlemachns ' may be classed with the Russian one of 

 Tre<liakovsky, a work of most unenviable celebrity in the language to 

 which it belongs. His best productions are bis satires and poetical 

 epistle*. He died at Anspach, August 15, 1729, in his fifty-sixth 

 rear. 



NEUKOMM, THE CHEVALIER SIGISMUND, a celebrated 

 German composer, was born at Salzburg in 1778. Being related to 

 the family of Haydn, be received his early musical education from 

 Michael Haydn, the elder brother of the author of 'The Creation.' 

 From him NVukomm acquired that predilection for sacred music 

 which has distinguished him throughout his career. At the age of 

 twenty he went to Vienna. Joseph Haydn received his young relative 

 most kindly and made him his pupil : and the friendship, thus begun, 

 lasted without interruption during the whole of the great master's 

 life. Nrukomm's close and unbroken intercourse with Haydn, and 

 admiration of his genius, had a sensible effect on the formation of bia 

 own style, which is marked not only with Haydn's regularity, sym- 

 metry, and clearness, but with many of Haydn's characteristic traits 

 of musical phraseology. 



After having gained a high reputation in Germany, Russia, and 

 France, Neukumm cnme to England for the first time in 1829; and 

 his rro-ption by the public was such as to induce him to pass much 

 time in this country. His residence in England was an active |>eriod 

 of hi* life. It was here that bis great, st works, the Oratorios of 

 ' Mount Sinai ' and ' David ' were produced. ' Mount Sinai,' originally 

 composed to German words, was afterwards adapted by himself to an 

 English version of the text, and performed for the first time at the 

 Derby Musical Festival of 1831. 'David,' the poem of which was 

 originally written in English, was composed expressly for the Bir- 

 mingham Musical Festival, and performed in 1834. During the same 

 period he gave the English public many vocal pieces, both sacred and 

 secular, which obtained general j>opularity. Among these, his sacred 

 cantatas, 'Miriam,' 'The Prophecy of Babylon,' and 'Absalom,' are 

 remarkable for their grandeur, expression, and perfect adaptation of 

 the music to the English poetry, for Neukomin is a perfect master of 

 our language. ' The Sea was for a long time the most popular song 

 of the day ; and though it has given place to newer favourites, it is 

 stiU frequently heard, and always with pleasure. Neukomm's most 

 recent work i ' Twenty Psalms selected from the authorized English 

 version," for the nse of singing-schools, choral societies, churches, and 

 chapel* of every persuasion. It was written for the Association for 

 the revival of sacred music in Scotland, and published by that body 

 at Edinburgh in 1863. It ppssssscs great value. The most beautiful 

 of lb Psalms are selected, and the music in a plain and simple style, 

 has the grand and solemn beauty which characterises Naukomm's 

 sacred works. A collection of Voluntaries for the Organ an instru- 

 ment on which Neukomin was on* of the greatest performers in 

 Europe is among the most important works produced l.y him in 

 England. Than Is scarcely a branch of his art which he bos left 

 untouched. His instrumental compositions, symphonies, quartets, 

 sonatas, Ac. arc vary numerous and of much merit ; but it is on his 

 great sacred works that his permanent fame will rest. 



In the course of bis long life Nnukomm has received many of the 

 honours dus to the highest di-tin timi in bis art. lie has been 

 intattrd with sevsral orders of knighthood, in France, Portugal, and 

 Prussia. He M a member of the Koyal Academy of Arts in Prussia, 

 and moat of the principal musical iiutitutions and societies in Europe 

 and the United States. He is a Doctor of Music in the University of 

 Dublin, and lie was one of the jury of our gnat London Exhibition iu 



1851. For several years he hss been afflicted with an ophthalmic com- 

 plaint, at one time almost amounting to deprivation of sight ; but he 

 has partially recovered from it, and he now resides at Bonn, enjoying, 

 on the verge of fourscore, a green old age and an honoured retir 



NEWCASTLE, DUKE AND DUCHESS OF. [CAVE 

 MA no A RET.] 



* NEWCASTLE, HENRY PELHAM CLINTON, DUKE OF, eldest 

 son of Henry, fourth duke, was born in 181 1, and educated at Eton and 

 Christ Church, Oxford. On reaching his majority he was as I 

 Lincoln returned to parliament for the Southern Division of Notting- 

 hamshire in the first reformed parliament. He was a Lord of the 

 Treasury from 1 834 to A pril 1 835, and Chief Commi-siouer of Woods and 

 Forests from 1841 to 1846, when be became fora few months 

 tary for Ireland. In that year, boinz ejected by bis old constituency 

 for supporting Sir R. Peel's measure for the repeal of the Corn Laws, 

 he was returned by the Falkirk burghs, "Inch he represent, d until 

 succeeding to bis father's dukedom in 1851. In 1852 he took office 

 under Lord Aberdeen as Secretary of State for the Colonies, in 

 capacity the duties of War Minister devolved upon him. Shortly after 

 the outbreak of the war with Russia, the war business was separated 

 from that of the colonies, and the Duke of Newcastle chose the ' 

 and more arduous post. The mismanagement of the army during the 

 first winter in the Crimea and the deficiency in the stores and sup;. lie 

 sent out to them, caused the administrative capacity of the war minis- 

 ter to be seriously impeached. In a speech however, delivered at the 

 opening of the following session, the Duke of Newcastle succeeded in 

 removing much of the odium into which he had fallen, but in deference 

 to the popular feeling he resigned or was superseded. Lord Ponmure, 

 his successor, has however more than onca publicly stated that the 

 arrangements carried out by himself with success were for the most 

 part commenced by his predecessor. The Duke of Newcastl- 

 his resignation visited the Crimea in order to make himself personally 

 acquainted with the real state of affairs, and remained there some time 

 pursuing his investigations. 



N KWCOME, WILLIAM, Archbishop of Armagh, one of the eminent 

 iiivinrs of the 18th century belonging to what was called the Liberal 

 school, was born in 1729. His father was a clergyman at Abingdon, 

 Berkshire, and he was educated at the Grammar school in that town, 

 from whence he passed to the University of Oxfor.l, where he became 

 in due time a Fellow and tutor of Hertford College, and had Charles 

 James Fox for one of his pupils. In 1765 he became Doctor in Divinity, 

 and in that year accompanied his patron, the Earl of Hertford. wl.Jn 

 he went as lord-lieutenant to Ireland. Newcome went as chaplain, 

 and a bishopric of Dromore in that country soon falling vacant, ho 

 was placed in it. Entering the episcopal order thus early in life, 

 it is not extraordinary that he bad several translations, which were 

 first to Ossory, then to Water-ford, and finally, in 1795, to Armagh. 

 He died in 1800. A writer of some account of his life assures us 

 that he " diligently and faithfully discharged the duties of his epis- 

 copal office, and secured the respect of all parties and of all rvligionij 

 ptrsuasions by the affability, prudence, candour, and moderation which 

 were the invariable guides of his conduct." But his chief title to 

 remembrance is, that he was during the whole of his life a most 

 assiduous biblical student, and that he did not suffer those studies 

 to end iu themselves, but laid before the world results which ensued 

 upon them. He did not do this till he hnd maturely consi i. : . .1 

 them, for he was nearly fifty before be printed any considerable work. 

 His first work was ' The Harmony of the Gospels' a work the title 

 of which affords but an inadequate idea of its nature and contents, 

 as, besides the results of bis inquiries on a very difficult and important 

 point of sacred history, it contains a great mass of valuable ci 

 and useful information. Out of this work arose a controversy with 

 Dr. Priestley, on the duration of the ministry of our Saviour ; Bishop 

 Nowcome contending for three year*, and Dr. Priestley limiting the 

 time to one year. In 1782 he published his 'Observations on our 

 Lord's Conduct as a Divine Instructor, and on the Excellence of hi 

 Moral Character ' a work of great beauty ; and in 1 785 a new version, 

 with critical remarks, of the Twelve Minor Prophets. This was 

 followed in 1788 by a similar work on the prophet KzakieU In 1792 

 he published his ' Review of the Chief Difficulties in the Gospel 

 History relating to our Lord's Resurrection;' and in the same year 

 ' An Historical View of the English Biblical Translations.' This wns 

 his latest publication, except an Episcopal Charge ; but after bis death 

 there was given to the world a very important work, which he had 

 himself caused to be printed four years before bis decease, entitled 

 'An Attempt towards revising our English Translation of the - 

 Scriptures,' in which he set the example of taking the benefit in <ui 

 English version of those changes in the Greek text which the critical 

 examination of existing manuscripts has shown to be expedient and 

 na eessary. 



NEWMAN, REV. JOHN IIKNRY, D.D., was born February 21, 

 1801, in Old Broad-street, iu the city of London. He was the eldest 

 of six children ; his father was a partner in a banking-house in 

 Lombard street ; his mother belonged to a Huguenot family which 

 left l-'ranco for England on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. 

 Shortly after the peace of 1815 the banking house wound up its 

 accounts, and paid i's creditors in full; but the effort involved his 

 father personally in difficulties, which ended in hit premature decay 



