NEWMAN, FRANCIS W. 



NEWPORT, GEORGE. 



486 



and death. The subject of this memoir was sent in 1808 to Dr. 

 Nicholas's school at Ealiug, near London, where he remained above 

 eight years, having among his contemporaries Kichard Westmacott, the 

 sculptor, the present Bishop of New Zealand, Sir Frederick Thesiger, 

 and Lord Dalzell. In December 1816 he matriculated at Trinity 

 College, Oxford, gaining in 1S18 one of the scholarships, then lately 

 thrown open to university competition. He passed his examination 

 for the B.A. degree in 1820; and, though he was a candidate for first- 

 class honours in classics and mathematics, his name appears only in 

 the tliird class in the former order of merit. In 1822 he was elected 

 to a fellowship at Oriel College, then at the height of its literary 

 fame, under the provostship of Dr. Copleston, afterwards bishop of 

 Llandaff. This success brought him to the knowledge of Dr. Whately, 

 archbishop of Dublin, who at tliat time was resident at Oxford. 

 Dr. Whately employed him in turning into a synthetical form his 

 manuscript ' Dialogues on Logic,' and his composition became the 

 rough draught of tho celebrated treatise which was published some 

 years afterwards. Dr. Whately introduced him also to the late Mr. 

 Smedley, at that time editor of the ' Encyclopaedia Metropolitan,!. ; ' 

 which led to his writing for that work the articles 'Cicero' and 

 ' Apollonius Tyanoeus' in 1824 and 1826. The former of these was 

 written at a brief notice to supply the place of an article expected 

 from the late Archdeacon Hare. In the course of 1824 Mr. Newman 

 was ordained a deacon und priest, and in the next year he was 

 appointed vice-principal of Alban Hall, by hia friend Dr. Whately, 

 who had succeeded to the headship on Professor Elmsley's death. 

 This office he held with his fellowship, but resigned it in the following 

 year, on becoming one of the tutors of his college. In 1827 and 1828 

 be held the office of Public Examiner. In 1828, on Dr. Hawkins 

 being elected provost of Oriel, in the place of Dr. Copleston, promoted 

 to the s-ee of Llandaff, he succeeded him in the vicarage of St. Mary's, 

 which he held till 1843. In 1829 his name occurs in the list of the 

 majority who placed Sir Robert Inglis in the representation of the 

 university instead of Mr. Peel, in the contest occasioned by the con- 

 version of the latter statesman to the cause of Koman Catholic Eman- 

 cipation. At this time he was a member of the Bible and Church 

 Missionary Societies. From 1830 to 1832 he was one of the Select 

 University Preachers. He resigned hia tutorship at Oriel in 1831. 



In July 1833 the 'Oxford movement' commenced with a sermon 

 preached by Mr. Keble before the judges of assize, and afterwards 

 published under the title of ' National Apostacy.' In the early part 

 of that year the publication of the ' Oxford Tracts ' had been com- 

 menced by Mr. Newman, in conjunction with Messrs. Pusey, Keble, 

 Williams, Palmer, Perceval, and others, for the purpose of enforcing 

 upon the English nation the exclusive claims of the Established Church 

 to tlie spiritual charge of the people. The publication of these bold 

 and startling tracts, whose tendencies gradually became more and 

 m>. re Human Catholic in proportion as they " receded from the prin- 

 ciples of the English Reformation," waa continued at intervals, Mr. 

 Newman being the largest contributor, down to the early part of 

 1841, when Mr. Newman published the 90th number of the series, 

 for the purpose of proving that an English clergyman might honestly 

 subscribe the Thirty-nine Articles in a sense compatible with the 

 holding of Roman Catholic doctrines. The Heads of Colleges in the 

 University of Oxford having censured this publication, the Bishop of 

 Oxford thought it time to interfere, and at his request the publi- 

 cation of any further tracts was abandoned. 



Mr. Newman, who waa vicar of St. Mary's church in Oxford, and of 

 the hamlet of Littlemore, near that city, now retired to the latter 

 place with a few of his followers, in whose company he led a life of 

 ascetic retirement and theological study. About this period he pub- 

 lished his celebrated work on ' Religious Developement,' to prove that 

 in the nature of things there must be a progress or growth in revealed 

 truth, and that consequently the religious teaching of the first three 

 centuries, to which the High Church party were accustomed to appeal 

 as their standard of orthodoxy, was not by itself of necessity an 

 adequate rule of faith in tho 19th century. In the autumn of 1845, 

 Mr. Newman was admitted into the Koman Catholic Church, and in 

 1848 introduced into England from Rome under Papal sanction, a 

 branch of the Congregation of the Oratory, founded by St. Philip Neri. 



He resided at Birmingham as head of the oratory until 1852, when 

 he was appointed rector of the new Roman Catholic University which 

 was established at Dublin, in obedience to the. decrees passed by the 

 i Catholic prelates of that country at a synod held at Thurles in 

 1849. In 1851 Dr. Newman delivered and published some ' Lectures on 

 Catholicism in England,' in which he commented severely on the 

 private character of the Rev. O. Achilli, formerly a priest in the Roman 

 Catholic Church. An action for libel was brought against Dr. Newman, 

 who was fined 100(. The fine and costs were however paid by a 

 public subscription. 



NEWMAN, FRANCIS W., a younger brother of John Henry 

 Newman, was born in London in 1805. After being educated at 

 home and at the academy at Eating, where his brother had been 

 educated, he was sent in 1822 to Worcester College, Oxford, where in 

 1826 he took h'rst-cia* honours in classics and mathematics. In the 

 name year he waa chosen a Fellow of Balliol College ; and he kept 

 his fellowship till 1830, when l.e resigned, in conn- quence of con- 

 scientious scruples about signing the Thirty-nine. Articles, prior to 



Sioo. Div. VOL. IV. 



taking the degree of Master of Art3. On leaving the university he 

 travelled to the East, and spent nearly three years (1830-1833) in 

 residing in various parts of Turkey. An account of this portion of 

 his life, and of his observations and reflections in the East, and on tho 

 state of the Turkish empire as he then found it, has b-'en recently 

 (1856) published by him, under the title of ' Personal Narrative, in 

 Letters, principally from Turkey, in the years 1830-33." Shortly 

 after his return to England (1834), Mr. Newman became classical 

 tutor in Bristol College; and in the following year lie married a 

 daughter of Sir John Kennaway, formerly British resident at Hydera- 

 bad. In 1840 he exchanged the tutorship at Bristol College for the 

 classical professorship at Manchester New College ; and in 1346 he 

 was appointed to the chair of the Latin language and literature in 

 University College, London. This chair he still holds, with a high 

 reputation for classical scholarship and for acquirements in general 

 philology, as well as for accomplishment in a wide range of studies 

 beyond those immediately connected with his chair. Mr. Newman's 

 uaine however has chiefly become known through his numerous publi- 

 cations, and, among these, chiefly through that considerable portion of 

 them by which he has sought to impress his peculiar theological and 

 political views on the opinions of his time. In this respect there is 

 a remarkable contrast between the intellectual career of Mr. Newman 

 and that of his elder brother the latter having, after being one of 

 the leaders of the Tractarian party in the English Church, transferred 

 himself to the Church of Rome, and made the defence and extension 

 of the system of that Church in Britain, and even the world, the one 

 great aim of his activity; whrereaa the younger brother has worked 

 in the contrary direction, as a leader in what, with reference to estab- 

 lished churches and creeds, has been called the 'sceptical' movement, 

 though, in another sense, he might himself disown that name. Among 

 the c iief publications in which he has progressively expounded and 

 enforced his views of this speculative order (in themselves progressively 

 developed), may be mentioned, 'Catholic Union: Essays towards, a 

 Church of the Future and the Organisation of Philanthropy," 1844; 

 a tract entitled 'A State Church not Defensible,' 1346; 'A History of 

 the Hebrew Monarchy, from the Admiuistration of Samuel to the 

 Babylonish Captivity,' 1847 (2nd edit., 1853) ; ' The Soul, its Sorrows 

 and Aspirations,' 1849; and 'Phases of Faith, or Passages from the 

 History of my Creed,' 1850. More directly political iu their tenor 

 are, ' Four Lectures on the Contrasts of Ancient and Modern History,' 

 1847; 'An Appeal to the Middle Classes on the urgent necessity of 

 numerous Radical Reforms, Financial and Organic,' 1848; 'On the 

 Constitutional and Moral Right or Wrong of our National Debt,' 1849 ; 

 a tract entitled ' The dimes of the House of Hapsburg agniust its 

 own Liege Subjects,' 1851; 'Lectures on Political Economy,' 1851 ; 

 and an edition of the 'Select Speeches of Kosstuth,' 1853. Besides 

 these and numerous other shorter publications, of which it is impos- 

 sible to take note individually including contributions to the ' West- 

 minster,' ' Eclectic,' and ' Prospective ' Reviews, and also, we believe, 

 to newspapers, all written in the same energetic vein of peculiar 

 opinion Mr. Newman is the author of ' A Collection of Poetry for 

 the Practice of Elocution,' 1850; of a work entitled ' Regal Rome : an 

 Introduction to Roman History,' 1852; of 'The Odes of Horace, 

 translated into Unrhymed Metres,' 1853 ; and of ' The Iliad of Homer, 

 faithfully translated into Unrhymed Metres,' 1856. He also assisted 

 in editing in 1843 a translation of Huber's work on ' The English 

 Universities;' and he is the author, we believe, of 'Lectures on Logic,' 

 of ' A Grammar of the Berber Language,' and of a work entitled ' Tho 

 Difficulties of Elementary Geometry, i.e., on Strai^htness, Levelness, 

 Curvature, and Parallelism; treated in a method wholly peculiar." 

 This mere enumeration of Professor Newman's writings will indicate 

 the width of his intellectual tastes and accomplishments : for an idea 

 of his abilities, and of the peculiar combination of intellectual and 

 moral endowments which has enabled him to exert so much influence 

 on bis contemporaries, the works themselves must be consulted. 



NEWPORT, GEOKGE, distinguished as a comparative anatomist 

 and physiologist, was born iu the county of Kent in 1803. His parents 

 were in humble circumstances, and with but little education he 

 commenced following his father's business. He was indebted to a 

 mechanics institute at Canterbury for first exciting iu him a taste for 

 the study of natural history. He became so well known for these 

 pursuits that, when a natural history museum was opened at Canter- 

 bury, he was at once appointed curator. Without any one to guide 

 or direct him, he pursued the study of animals in his own way ; and 

 was particularly fond of dissecting any fresh specimen that came under 

 his notice. His love of anatomy and natural history paved the way for 

 hia entering the medical profession, and after having served his 

 apprenticeship, according to tho requirements of the Apothecaries' 

 Society, with Mr. Weeks of Sandwich in Kent, he finished his medical 

 education at the London University, now University College. Here 

 he attended the lectures of Professor Grant, and soon found that the 

 work he had been pursuing in the country had qualified him for 

 communicating the results of his labours to the world. His first 

 paper was sent to the Royal Society, and was published in the ' Philo- 

 sophical Transactions." It was entitled, ' On the Nervous System of 

 the Sphinx Ligu^tri, Linn. ; and on the changes which it undergoes 

 during a part of the metamorphosis of the Insect.' This was speedily 

 followed by other papers, which, were read before the Royal Society, 



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