S-45 



ODOACER. 



(ECOLAMPADIUS. 



516 



historical painter of the Flemish school of recent times, was born at 

 Bruges on the 2nd of October 1778. He was brought up in the 

 College of the Augustines of that city, and was destined by his parents 

 for mercantile pursuits, though he had always displayed a decide 1 

 ability for the graphic art. In 1794, in consequence of the French 

 invasion of Belgium, Odevaere was removed by his parents, and 

 accompanied them into Holland, where he remained fourteen months. 

 They returned to Bruges, and, as Odevaere had a confirmed dislike to 

 a mercantile pursuit, he was placed in the Academy of Bruges, in 

 which he obtained the first prize for drawing in 1796. He went 

 towards the close of the following year to Paris, and studied in the 

 school of his fellow-townsman Suvee until he was appointed director 

 of the French Academy at Rome, when Odevaere entered the school 

 of David. In 1804 he obtained the grand prize of the French 

 Academy of Painting, for a picture of the death of Phocion, and had 

 the honour of being presented to the emperor. He returned in the 

 same year to Bruges, and in 1805 he went as a pensioner for five years 

 of the French government to Home, but he remained there altogether 

 eight years. According to the regulation of the French government, 

 he sent, after his residence of five years in Rome, an historical picture 

 to the French Academy ; the subject was the ' Coronation of Charle- 

 magne,' and it waa generally admired. In 1812 he received a com- 

 mission in Rome to paint two large frescoes for the palace of Monte 

 Cavallo, but political events which followed prevented the execution 

 of these works. He left Home at the close of 1812, and returned to 

 Paris, and obtained the gold medal for a picture in the exhibition 

 there. He returned finally to Bruges, where he executed several 

 public and private commissions. In 1814 he established himself in 

 Brusat-lg, where he painted his pictures of the ' Peace of Utrecht,' and 

 the ' Battle of Waterloo at the moment the Prince of Orango was 

 wounded,' for the King of the Netherlands, who had created Odevaere 

 his court painter in the spring of 1815. The 'Battle of Waterloo' 

 was exhibited in 1817 and 1818 in many of the provinces of the 

 Netherlands, together with a portrait of the Prince of Orange, which 

 is engraved by Lignon, and a picture of 'Bramante introducing 

 Raffaelle to Julius II.' Odevaere was the commissioner appointed on 

 the part of the Netherlands to reclaim the pictures which had been 

 taken by the French to Paris from the collections of Holland and 

 Belgium. Upon the completion of this commission the king created 

 him a Chevalier of the Lion of the Netherlands, and several Flemish 

 cities presented him with medals struck expressly in commemoration 

 of the restoration of their respective works. 



His picture of the ' Battle of Waterloo ' was followed in 1820 by 

 that of the ' Battle of Nieuwpoort," and a Narcissus, engraved by 

 Vlamynck. In 1821 he exhibited at Brussels his 'Triumph of 

 Cimabue;' and subsequently, 'David in his Studio," the ' Establish- 

 ment of the Power of the House of Orange," the ' Inauguration 

 of the King at Brussels in 1815,' besides others from classical history, 

 and many Scripture- pieces for various churches in the Netherlands, in 

 some of which are excellent altar-pieces by Odevaere. He died at 

 Brussels, in February 1830, not having completed his fifty-second year. 

 VHU Eynden and Van de Willigen, in the third volume of their 

 'National History of Painting since the Middle of the Eighteenth 

 Century,' published in 1820, have given December 2, 1775, as the date 

 of Odevaere's birth, which is corrected in the fourth volume of appen- 

 dix, published in 1840, to the date given above. His portrait is 

 published in the work of Eeckhout and BurggraafT, ' Portraits des 

 Artistes modernes,' &c., Brussels, 1822; and several of liU works are 

 engraved in the ' Annales du Salon de Oand ' as the ' Coronation of 

 Charlemagne,' the 'Confession of Phaedra to Theseus,' 'Narcissus,' 

 and the ' Battle of Nieuwpoort.' Some of the pictures of Odevaere 

 are of very large dimensions. He was a member of the Academy of 

 St. Luke at Rome, and of several other institutes of the fine arts. 



ODO'ACER, a Gothic chief who, according to some authorities, was 

 of the tribe of the Heruli, originally served as a mercenary in the bar- 

 barian auxiliary force which the later emperors of the West had taken 

 into their pay for the defence of Italy. After the two rival emperors 

 Glycerius and Julius Nepos were both driven from the throne, Orestes, 

 a soldier from Pannonia, clothed his own sou Romulus, yet a minor, 

 with the imperial purple, but retained all the substantial authority in 

 his own hands. The barbarian troops now asked for one-third of the 

 lands of Italy to be distributed among them aa a reward for their 

 services. Orestes having rejected their demand, they chose Odoacer 

 for their leader, who immediately marched against Orastea, who had 

 hut himself up in 1'avia. Odoacer took the city by storm, and gave 

 it up to be plundered by his soldiers. Orestes was taken prisoner and 

 led to Placentia, where he was publicly executed, in August A.D. 475, 

 exactly a twelvemonth after he had driven Nepos out of Italy. [N EPOS.] 

 Romulus, who was called Augustulus by way of derision, was in 

 Ravenna, where he was seized by Odoacer, who stripped him of his 

 imperial ornaments and banished him to a castle of Campania, but 

 allowed him an honourable maintenance. Odoacer now proclaimed 

 himself king of Italy, rejecting the imperial titles of Caesar and Augus- 

 tus For this reason the Western empire is considered as having' 

 ended with the deposition of Romulus Auguatulus, the son of Orestes. 

 Odonccr's authority did not extend beyond the boundaries of Italy. 

 Little is known of the events of his reign until the invasion of Theo- 

 doric, king of the Ostrogoths, who, at the instigation, as some historians 



BIOO. Dtv. yoL. iv. 



assert, of Zeno, emperor of the East, marched from the banks of the 

 Danube to dispossess Odoacer of his kingdom, Theodoric, at the 

 head of a large army, defeated Odoacer near Aquileia, aud entered 

 Verona without opposition. Odoacer shut himself up in Ravenua in 489. 

 The war however lasted several years : Odoacer made a brave resist- 

 ance, but was compelled by famine to surrender Ravenna ( March 493). 

 Theodoric at first spared his life, but in a short time caused him to be 

 killed, and proclaimed himself king of Italy. (Procopius ; Cassiodorus.) 



ODYSSEUS. [ULYSSES.] 



O3COLAMPADIUS, the Greek translation of his original German 

 name, which was JOHANN HAUSSCHEIN, one of the early German 

 reformers, was born at Weinsberg in Francouia, iu 1482. His mother 

 was a native of Basel in Switzerland. His father, a merchant, sent 

 him at first to the school at Heilbronn, and afterwards to the Univer- 

 sity of Heidelberg, where his early proficiency procured him the degree 

 of Bachelor of Philosophy in his fourteenth year. He next visited 

 Bologna in Italy, but soon returned to Heidelberg, and studied divinity. 

 His eminent talents then procured him the appointment of tutor to a 

 son of the Elector Palatine, but he resigned his office in a short time, 

 and resumed his theological studies. He was next appointed to a 

 benefice founded by his parents, and performed the duties for about 

 six months, when deeming himself as yet incompetent for the charge, 

 he resigned. He then visited Tubingen and Stuttgard, where he 

 acquired Hebrew from a Spaniard, and Greek under Keuchliu, and in 

 a short time wrote a Greek grammar, which was published in 1520. 

 While residing at Heidelberg lie formed a friendship with Capito, who 

 was then preacher at Bruchsal, and was afterwards the reformer at 

 Strasbourg; this acquaintance introduced him to Erasmus, and the 

 intimacy continued for life. This association produced its effects on 

 the individuals according to their various characters : the ardent 

 Capito soon became a zealous reformer ; the mild and studious (Eco- 

 lampadius hesitated, he feared the misery which would probably 

 result from a disruption of the church, and changed not till he felt 

 convinced that the cause of truth should overbalance the fear of 

 transient evils ; the wary and cautious Erasmus continued an adherent 

 but a liberal one of the old faith. For a short time (Ecolampadius 

 resumed his clerical duties at Weinsberg ; but in 1515, Capito, then 

 settled at Basel, induced him to undertake there the office of preacher ; 

 and while there he assisted Erasmus in his ' Annotations on the New 

 Testament,' published in 1516, and the second edition, published in 

 1517, was issued under his sole superintendence. As a preacher at 

 Basel he exposed many of the abuses of the Popish church, but still 

 felt reluctant to abandon it. To secure time for consideration he 

 entered a monastery of the order of_St. Bridget at Altenmiiuster, near 

 Augsburg, stipulating that he should have liberty for his own studies 

 and opinions. His high reputation induced the fraternity to accede 

 to his terms, but as his convictions gradually tended towards Luther- 

 anism, his preaching and writing became more discordant with the 

 opinions of his fellow monks. At length, shortly before the Diet of 

 Worms in 1521, on the appearance of hie work against Confession, his 

 liberty of thinking and writing was denied him, aud his friends feared 

 an attempt would be made to imprison him. He therefore left the 

 convent after a residence of nearly two years, and took refuge ;.o 

 Ebernburg with Franz von Seckingen. In the autumn of 1522 he 

 left Ebernburg for Fraukfurt-on-the-Main, and thence went to Basel. 

 Before he left the convent he had written to Erasmus that he was 

 thoroughly convinced of the truth of Luther's opinions, and in the 

 spring of 1 523 he was made deputy to the preacher of St. Martin's at 

 Basel, upon whose death in the following year he was appointed 

 preacher, and also professor of theology. As marking the progress of 

 his reformatory principles we may state that, in 1524 he wrote against 

 the celibacy of the clergy, in 1525 he baptised in German and discon- 

 tinued the mass, and in 1526 the Psalms were first used in a German 

 version. When the dispute arose between Zwingli and Luther respect- 

 ing the real presence in the Lord's supper, OZcolampadius supported 

 the opinions of Zwingli, and published in 1525 ' De vero intellectu 

 verborum Domini, Hoc est corpus meum,' a work of which Erasmus 

 says that it was written with much skill, good reasoning, and persuasive 

 eloquence. He was answered by the Lutheran party in 'Syngramma 

 sucvica,' to which he replied in 'Antisyngramma.' Fryth, one of our 

 early martyrs, was burnt in 1533, because, as Cranmer writes, "he 

 thought it not necessary to be believed as an article of our faith, that 

 there is the very corporal presence of Christ within the host aud 

 sacrament of the altar, and holdeth of this point most after the opinion 

 of (Ecolampadius." In 1526 and 1529 he attended the conferences at 

 Baden and Marburg ; to the first he went alone ; at the second he was 

 in company with Zwingli, Bucer, and Hedion. [ZWINOLI.] Neither 

 of the conferences produced any real satisfactory result. In 1530 he 

 had made himself obnoxious to the Anabaptists, and in passing through 

 the village of Laufelfingen his life was endangered by an attack of the 

 mob. In December 1531 he died after a short and severe illness, 

 which, apparently without any foundation, was by some attributed to 

 poison. (Ecolampadius was the author of numerous works, some on 

 the polemic disputes of the time directed against Papists, Lutherans, 

 and Anabaptists ; others were translations from Chrysostom, Gregory 

 Nazianzen, and others of the early fathers. His original works were 

 ' Annotationes in Genesin,' ' Exegemata in librum Job,' ' Commen- 

 tariorum in Esaiam libri sex,' ' De ritu Paachali," aud ' Quod non sit 



