KKB PABHi. 



ONATAS, 



of Bosniv in 1S48-50, refused to receive the Tauximat, and openiy 

 opposed the ameliorations which it wu intended to introduce, an 

 expedition under Omer Paaha wai tent against them. In a short but 

 energetic campaign he reduced tlie revolted beys to submission, and 

 by the exercise of much adroitness, and an eloquent address on the 

 Sod of August 1850, induce i them to have the Taniimat read in the 

 preeeno* of a large assemblage of the chiefs and people, on which 

 ocoanion they also took an oath to carry oat faithfully the principles 

 of the new code. Hiring accomplished his mission in Bosnia, he 

 returned to Bulgaria in March 1811. 



Ouirr Pasha's next expedition wa against the mountaineers of 

 Montenegro, who, at the instigation and under the leading of Prince 

 Daniel, in November 1852, captured the Turkish fort of Zabljac, on 

 the Lake of Scutari, and by subsequent conquests and acts of violence 

 rendered it necessary for the Turkish government to interfere. Omer 

 Pasha led an army of 20,000 men into the country, aud having seized 

 all the strong positions, was preparing to complete the subjection of 

 the insurgents, when the Austrian government interposed, and by its 

 influence at Constantinople obtained the withdrawal of the Turkish 

 army at the end of February 1853. 



The success which had uniformly attended the military and political 

 operations of Omer Pasha had now placed him in the highest position 

 as a commander of the Turkish armies ; and his subsequent campaign 

 on the Danube proved that, as a strategist, he was at least equal to the 

 Russian generals oppose 1 to him. 



The Sultan declared war against Russia in a grand council held in 

 Constantinople on the 27th of September 1853. The causes of that 

 war are matters of history. The Russians had entered the Danubian 

 Principalities in the previous July, with an army of 91,000 men, under 

 the command in chief of Prince Gortschakoff, and with 240 pieces of 

 field-artillery and 90 siege-guns. By the end of September Omer Pasha 

 had assembled in Bulgaria au army of 60,000 or 70,000 men, his head- 

 quarters being at Sbumla, a strong poeitioii, the fortifications of which 

 he laboured energetically to improve under his own inspection. On 

 the 23th of October a body of Turkish troops crossed the Danube 

 from \Vidiu, and established themselves ou the left bank of the river, 

 at the village of Calafut. Meantime Omer Pasha was making prepara- 

 tions for crossing the river at Rustchouk and at Turtukai. Ou the 

 1st of November some Turkish troope crossed from Rustchouk to 

 Oiurgevo ; they were repulsed by the Russians, but on the 2nd of 

 November a stronger force passed over the river from Turtukai, and 

 intrenched themselves on the left bank, at the village of Oltenitza, 

 where, on 1 10 4th, they were attacked by 20 battalions of Russian 

 infantry and 3 regiments of cavalry, with several butteries of artillery, 

 marched against them from Bucharest. The Russians were repulsed, 

 but renewed their assaults on successive days till the 12th of Novem- 

 ber, when the Turks destroyed the iutreuchmeuts which they had 

 constructed, and withdrew to the right bank of the river. Ismael 

 Puht, in tho mean time, had been completing the fortifications at 

 Calafat, and improving the communication across the Danube with 

 the fortress of Wiilin. Omer Pasha thus secured the poiition at Calafat, 

 which was his real object, the conflicts at Giurgevo aud Olteuitza having 

 been feints. Prince Gort-chakoff then withdrew his troops to Bucha- 

 rest, and put them in march to Calafat, which, before the Russian 

 army could reach it, had been made very strong. At the end of 

 December the Russians began their assaults, but were always repulsed 

 with lose. They then seized a strong position highi-r up the river at 

 Citate, where they intrenched themselves. Then, on the 6th of 

 January 1854 they were attacked by the Turks, who were at first 

 repulsed, but the waaulU were continued on the 7th, 8th, and 9th, 

 when the Russians were driveu from Citate, and on the 10th retreated 

 to Radovan. From the 28th to the 31st of January largo bodies of 

 Russian troope occupied all tho strong positions in the vicinity of 

 Calafat, and completed the investment of the fortificatious, but all 

 attempts to take the place were iueuectuuL On the 21st of April, the 

 troops were withdrawn, aud Little VVallochia wiw forthwith 



Meantime, on the 23rd of March, Prince Gortschakoff liaving received 

 additional force*, crossed the Danube at Qalatz, Braila, and Ismail, 

 and enured the Dobnidacba, with artillery and a liege-train, for the 

 purpose of storming the fortress of SilUtria, and attacking Omer 

 Pasha at Shumla, before the allied French aud English armies, thru 

 beginning to move to Varna, could give him assistance. Stupendous 

 efforts were made to take Silistria, bat without success. Tue place 

 was invented by General Ludera, May 19. The last attack was made 

 on the 22nd of June, but failed ; on the 26th the siege was raised, 

 and the Russian troop* began their retreat across the Danube, and 

 from the Dobrudscha. The Austrian troops soon afterwards advanced 

 to occupy the Danubian principalities ; the Russians withdrew from 

 Bucharest on the 30th of July, and began their retreat across the 

 1'ruth on toe 2nd of August. On the 22ml of August Omer Pasha 

 er.tered Bucharest as comtuinuouer extraordinary from the Sultan. 



Ou the 14th of September 1854 the allied armies were safely Inndei 

 in the Crimea, and on the 26th they occupied the high ground on the 

 south side of SebastopoL In January 1856, wbue the siege of 

 Sevastopol was in progress, about 30,000 Turkish and Egyptian troope 

 under Omer Pasha were landed at Eupatoria. Intrenchments and 

 Other defences were in process of construction there, but were far from 



complete, when about 40,000 Russian troope, with about 100 guns, on 

 the 17th of February assaulted the place. After a severe conflict the 

 Turoo-Egyptiau army, with aid from the guns of an English steamer 

 on the coast, compelled the Russians to retreat with the loan of about 

 1000 uieu. Eupatoria was afterwards made stronger and more x 

 and the main body of the Turkish army under Omer Pasha was taken 

 to the allied camp at Sebastopol. 



The Turkish troops and their commander werj kept in a state of 

 inactivity at the allied camp till the news arrived of the siege of Kan, 

 when Omer P.isha proposed to carry tho Turkish troops to the eastern 

 coast of the Black Sea to oppose the Russians in Asia, and to endeavour 

 to relieve Kara. This proposal was opposed by the other generals of 

 the allied armies. Omer Paaha was dissatisfied, and proceeded to 

 Constantinople, where he had a personal interview with the Sultan, 

 and stated his views to the Turkish ministers. While at Constanti- 

 nople he was invested with the Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath 

 by Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, under commission from Queen Victoria. 

 After much delay, and not till after the fortress of Sebastopol had 

 been stormed aud taken, the Turkish troops, in the month of October, 

 were landed at Batoum, whence Omer Pasha removed them to Rrdnut 

 Kale. He made no attempt to march his army to the relief of Kars, 

 perhaps on account of the lateness of tbt> season and the difficulty of 

 the approaches to it, but endeavoured to draw off the Russian atmy 

 by marching towards Georgia, aud threatening Tiflis, the capital. On 

 the 6th of November he forced the passage of the Ingour, a broad 

 and rapid river, in face of the enemy strongly posted ou the opposite 

 bank, having a redoubt and other in trench men ts, and forced the Russians 

 to retreat with the loss of five pieces of artillery. Omer Pasha advanced 

 to Kutais, but was prevented from proceeding farther by unusually 

 heavy rains, which rendered the roads impassable, and by the surrender 

 of Kars, which took place ou the 28th of November, and left the Russian 

 besieging army at liberty to act against him. lie made good hu retreat 

 to Redout Kale without sustaining any loss from tho enemy. 



OMUI, king of Israel from B.C. 942 to B.C. 931, was apparently one 

 of the commanders of the army of Baasha, whose son Klah succeeded 

 him, and after a reign of two years was assassinated by another of his 

 captains named Ziuiri, who, in fulfilment of a prophecy, slew all of 

 the race of Baasha, aud ascended the throne. The army which was 

 encamped before Gibbethou, A town of the Philistines, revolted against 

 this assumption, and elected their own captain, Omri, who proceeded 

 immediately to Tirzih, then tho capital of the kingdom of Israel, aud 

 besieged it. The town mode no great resistance, but ou the entry of 

 the hostile force Zimri set fire to the palace, and was burnt in it, after 

 a reign of seven days. A rival named Tibni disputed the thrne with 

 Omri, and " half of the people followed Tibui," but after a civil war of 

 eix years Tibui died, aud Omri became sole king of Israel. He con- 

 tinued aud increased the idolatry of the calves ; but the most marked 

 event of his reign was hit relinquishing Tirzah, and founding the city 

 of Samaria, which thenceforward continued the capital of Israel as 

 loug as it remained a kingdom, and was raced to the ground by Sbal- 

 maueser, king of Assyria, in B.C. 719. Omri after a reign of eleven 

 years died, and was succeeded by hi sou Ahab. 



ONATAS of t'Kginit, the sou of Micon, was alike distinguished as 

 a painter aud a sculptor. lie was contemporary with IVlygnotns, and 

 lived accordingly in the early part and about the middle of the fifth 

 ceutury before the Christian era, His name does not occur in Pliny, 

 and, with the exception of an epigram upon a statue of Apollo by 

 him, in the Greek Anthology, he is noticed only by Pausanias, wlm 

 however mentions several of his works, and speaks of him in terms of 

 great praise. Pausauias speaks of a group of Homeric heroes near 

 tho great temple at Olyuipia, which were dedicated by the Achaeaua 

 in common ; Tuiersch attributes them all to Onfctas, but his name 

 was inscribed ou one only. Pausanias says that the Achooan people 

 in common dedicated those statues which represent tho Greeks who 

 drew lots for the challenge of Hector ; they stood armed with spears 

 and shields near the grvat tumple ; opposite to them was Nestor with 

 the lots in a helmet. There were eight besides Nestor ; the statue of 

 Ulysses, which wade the ninth, had been removed by Nero to Rome. 

 Of the remaining eight, only one, that of Agamemnon, had his name 

 inscribed upon it, and it was written from right to left. Ou the shield 

 of another was represented a cock, and this, says Pausauias, was 

 Idomeneus, the grandson of Minos. In the interior of the shield was 

 an inscription, which stated that" As well as many others, this is 

 the work of the skilful Onatas : Micon was his father, his birth-place 

 -Kgina." 



The Tbasians also dedicated a bronze statue of Hercules by Ouatas 

 at Olyuipia, with a club in hii right and a bow in his left baud ; it 

 measured ton cubits, aud the name of Onala*, with his birth-place aud 

 parentage, wu inscribed upon it, Pausauias observes with respect to 

 Onatas that he was not surpassed by any artist that had appeared in 

 the school, or from tho workshops of Attica, since Diedalua ; that is, 

 from Daedalus to Onataa's own time, which was shortly before Phidias. 

 Pausanias mentions further, by Onatas, at Olyuipia, a Mercury carry- 

 ing a ram under his arm ; he had ou a helmet and a cloak besides a 

 tunic or under robe : he was assisted by Callitelea, whom Pausauias 

 supposes to have been the mm or pupil of Onatas. 



Ouatas cast also in bronze a statue of Ceres the Black, or Deiuetcr 

 Molaina, for the Phigalian*, in the place of an old wooden imago which 



