ORIGEXES. 



ORLEANS, HOUSE Of. 



Origenes has bocu est*emed both in ancient and modern limes, not 

 only as a satisfactory answer to bis opponent, but M one of the beet 

 apologies for the Christian religion that have been written by the 

 ancient*. 



In the Decian persecution (250) Origanes was imprisoned and 

 (offered great tortures. He died shortly after his release from prison, 

 MOM aay at Tyre, in 258 or 254, in the sixty-ninth yoar of his age. 



Origenes is undoubtedly one of the most remarkable men among 

 the ancient Christian writers. Ilia talents, eloquence, and learning 

 bare been celebrated not only by Christian writers but by heathen 

 philosophers, including Porphyry himself. Jerome calls him "a man 

 of immortal genius, who understood logic, geometry, arithmetic, 

 music, grammar, rhetoric, and all the sects of the philosophers ; so 

 that he was resorted to by many students of secular literature, whom 

 he received chiefly that he might embrace the opportunity of instruct- 

 ing them in the faith of Christ'' (' De Vir. Illust.,' c. 54.) Elsewhere 

 ho calls him the greatest teacher since the apostles. We find this 

 same Jerome howerer at a later period of his life violently attacking 

 Origeneo, and approving of the persecution of his followers. All 

 agree that he was a man of an active and powerful mind and of 

 fervent piety, fond of investigating truth, and free from all mean 

 prejudice.', of the most profound learning and of the most untiring 

 industry. Mis whole life was occupied in writing, t< aching, and espe- 

 cially in explaining the Scriptures. No man certainly none in 

 ancient times did more to settle the true text of the sacred writings 

 and to spread them among the people, and perhaps few have intro- 

 duced more dangerous principles into their interpretation. For, 

 whether from a defect in judgment or from a fault in his education, 

 he applied to the holy Scriptures the allegorical method which the 

 Platoniats used in interpreting the heathen mythology. He says him- 

 self that " the source of many evils lies in adhering to the carnal or 

 external part of Scripture. Those who do so shall not attain to the 

 kingdom of Go.). Let us therefore seek after the spirit and the sub- 

 stantial fruit of the word, which arc hidden and mysterious." And 

 again, " the Scriptures ore of little use to those who understand them 

 as they arc written." 



In the 4th century the writings of Origenes led to violent contro- 

 versies in the Church. Epiphanius, in a letter preserved by Jerome, 

 enumerates eight erroneous opinions as contained in hie works. He is 

 charged with holding heretical notions concerning the Son and the 

 Holy Spirit ; with maintaining that the human soul is not created 

 with the body, but has a previous existence ; that in the resurrection 

 the body will not have the same members as before ; and that future 

 punishments will not be eternal, but that both fallen angels aud 

 wicked men will be restored at some distant period to the favour of 

 God. (Hieron., 'Adv. Kuf.,' lib ii., torn, iv., p. 403.) These opinions 

 were not generally held by his followers, who maintained that the 

 pasages from which they were drawn had been interpolated in his 

 writings by heretics. In 401, Tbeophilus, bishop of Alexandria, held 

 a synod, in which Origenes and his followers were condemned, and 

 the reading of his works was prohibited ; and the monks, most of 

 whom were Origenista, were driven out of Alexandria. His opinions 

 were again condemned by the second general council of Constantinople 

 in 553. 



The most important works of Origenes were his editions of the 

 Hebrew text and Greek versions of the Old Testament, which were 

 the result* of a diligent collation of manuscripts. The 'Tetrapla' 

 contained the four Greek versions of Aquila, Symmachus, the Soptua- 

 gint, and Theodotion, arranged in four columns. The addition of the 

 Hebrew text in one column, and of the same in Greek characters in 

 another, formed the ' Hexapla.' Of this great work only a few frag- 

 ments remain, the best edition of which is that by Montfsucon, in 

 2 vols. foL, Paris, 1713. Of bis other works, which were so numerous 

 that one author states that ho wrote six thousand volumes, the greater 

 number have perished. His ' Stromata ' and ' Principia ' (vtp! dpx> > ) 

 illustrated the doctrines of Christianity according to bis peculiar method 

 of interpretation. The ' Stromata ' was in ten parts, and illustrated 

 the doctrines of Christianity by comparing them with the opinions of 

 the philosophers. Three fragments of this work are preserved by 

 Jerome. The 'Principiu' was in four books, but we only potsees a 

 short notice of it in the Myrioblon ' of Photius (cod. viii.), an extract 

 in Eusebius (' Contra Marcellum Ancyranum,' lib. i., one or two in 

 Justinian's ' Letter to Mela,' and some fragments in the ' Philocalia.' 

 KuBnus, in the 4th century, made a Latin translation of the * Principia,' 

 which is still extant ; but Kufinus has, by his own confession, added 

 so much to Origenes's work, that it cannot be taken as a fair exhibition 

 of his opinions. Indeed all the extant works of Origenes are very 

 much corrupted. 



Wo have still in Greek his treatise ' Of Prayer,' his ' Exhortation to 

 Martyrdom,' his 'Apology for the Christian Religion,' an Epistle to 

 African us, another to Gregory Thaumaturgus, and fragments of a few 

 other epistles; part of bis ' Commentaries on the Books of the Old and 

 New Totament;' ' Philocalia,' containing extracts from his works made 

 by Gregory of Nazianzus and Basil the Great; and in the 'Catena; 

 there are many notes) ascribed to Origenes, which Huet however 

 considers to be spurious. Several of his works remain in Latin trans 

 lations, made by Jerome and Kufinus, but chiefly by the latter 

 Complete list* of his extant work* are given by Huet, Cave, Basnage 



)u Pin, and Tilleiuoiit, and by I'abriciiio in tha ' Eibl. Grac.,' v. i. 20. 

 ["he standard edition of his whole works is that of De la Rue, in 4 vols. 

 "ol., Paris, 1733. Several additional passages by Origen have however 

 wen since published in vol. xiv. (App.) of Gallaud's ' Bibliotheca 

 Patrum ;' and vols, in. and x. of Cardinal Mai's ' Auct e Vaticanis Codd." 



(Huet, Origeniana ; Lardner, Credibility, part it chap. 38, and the 

 uthorities quoted by him.) 



OBI'QENBS, also a pupil of Amraonius Socoas, must be distin- 

 guished from the other Origenes. He was a Platonic philosopher. 

 Lionginus and Porphyry mention three of his works, entitled, 'On 

 Daemons,' the ' Demiurgus,' and ' Galionus.' 



ORIZONTE. The name of this artist was JOHN FRANCIS VON 

 DI.OKMEN, but the Beutvogel Society, consisting of Flemish painters 

 resident at Home, gave him the name of Orizonte, from the hot and 

 apoury air of his pictures, it being their custom to give to every new 

 member, on his introduction, a name expressive either of any perfec- 

 tion or defect in his figure and countenance, or some peculiarity in his 

 style, or singularity in his character. Orizonto was born in 1656, nt 

 Antwerp, but studied and always resided in Italy. The palaces of 

 ;he pope and of the nobility at Rome possess abundance of his works, 

 Doth in fresco and oil. The composition of his landscapes and the 

 character of his trees are almost always in the style of Poussin ; but 

 the general tone is a dark green with a cost of red. His selection of 

 subjects is always picturesque, and the pencilling bold ; but his 

 pictures are not always equally finished. As he advanced in age his 

 style degenerated into mannerism, but his originality will always 

 entitle him to a place in the first rank of landscape painters. He died 

 '.n 1740, at the age of eighty-four. 



ORLAY, BERNARD VON, called Bernard of Brussels, was born in 

 that city about the year 1490. He went to Roma when he was very 

 young, where he had the good fortune to become a pupil of Raffaelle. 

 .-hi his retuni to Brussels he was appointed principal painter to the 

 governess of the Netherlands, and was likewise employed for many 

 years by the emperor Charles V. 



The style of his design was noble, and his tone of colouring agreeable. 

 He very frequently painted on a ground of leaf-gold, especially if he 

 was engaged on a work of importance, a circumstance which is said to 

 nave preserved the freshness and lustre of his colours : in his hunting- 

 pieces, in which he introduced portraits of Charles V. and the nobles 

 of his court, he usually took the scenery from the forest of Soignies, 

 which afforded him ample variety. He was engaged by the Prince of 

 Nassau to paint sixteen cartoons, as models for tapestry, intended for 

 the decoration of his palace. Each cartoon contained only two figures, 

 a knight, and a lady on horseback, representing some members of the 

 Nassau family. They were designed in an elevated style; and by the 

 prince's order they were afterwards copied in oil by Jordaens. He 

 painted for the chapel of a monastery at Antwerp a picture of the 

 Last Judgment, which was much admired. Bernard von Orlay died in 

 1560, aged seventy. 



Wnagen mentions several excellent pictures by him in the collections 

 in this country, especially in those of the Duke of Devonshire at 

 Devonshire House, Piccadilly, and at Chiswick ; at Keddleston Hall, 

 the seat of the Earl Scarsdale, where is a picture of the Virgin with 

 the Infant Christ, blessing St John in tho presence of Joseph and 

 Elizabeth the figures are three-quarters the size of life which is 

 one of the finest remaining by von Orlay ; and at Lord Spencer's, at 

 Althorpe, where is a bust of Anno of Cloves, very carefully painted. 



ORLEANS, HOUSE OF, tho title of a branch of the royal family 

 of France, which has three times originated in the younger son of a 

 king, and has twice obtained possession of the crown. 



L The first House of Orleans sprang from Louis, second surviving 

 son of Charles V., tho earliest prince who appears to have borne the 

 title of Duke of Orleans, and who, after playing a conspicuous and 

 not very creditable part in the troubles which agitated the r i 

 his imbecile brother, Charles VI., was assassinated nt Paris in 1 4 07 by 

 his cousin and rival John (surnamed ' Sans Pour,'), duke of Boulogne. 

 The results of this crime were most disastrous to France, which was 

 filled with violence and bloodshed by the conflict of the two factions 

 of the Bourguignons and Armsgnacs : the Orleans party l>t>in / distin- 

 guished by the latter title, from their leader, the Count of Armagnac, 

 who, as father-in-law of the young Duke of Orleans, undertook to 

 protect his cause, and avenge the murder of his father. The history 

 of the first Duke of Orleans is also memorable for his marriage with 

 Valcntina Visconti, daughter of Gian Galoazzo Visconti, duke of 

 Milan, which eventually gave the house of Orleans pretensions to that 

 duchy, and produced the Italian wars of Louis XIL and bis successors 

 for its possession. 



The life of Charles, second Duke of Orleans, was remarkable chiefly 

 for his having been taken prisoner by tho English at the battle of 

 Aiincourt, in consequence of which he suffered a long captivity, 

 together with his younger brother John, count of Angoulcme. Dunois, 

 the famous 'Bastard of Orleans,' and progenitor of the house of 

 Longueville, wss his illegitimate brother. 



Louis, son of Charles, aud third Duke of Orleans, was exposed 

 during the reign of Louis XI. to the splenetic jealousy of that gloomy 

 tyrant, whose deformed daughter Jane he was compelled to marry ; 

 but on the death of Charles VIII., and the failure of the direct line of 

 Valois, in 1498, tho Duke of Orleans succeeded to the crown by tho 



