625 



PAC10LI, LUCAS. 



PADILLA, JUAN LOPEZ DE. 



020 



Venetam," Lyon, 1619. In this curious work he defends with grea 

 skill the dominion asserted by the Venetian republic over the Adriati 

 Sea as far as Cape Leuca, on the several grounds of old prescription 

 of having its territories round the greater part of that gulf, on th 

 obligation of keeping it free from pirates, and maintaining the onl; 

 naval armament on its coasts. The work is interesting, as an' cciu; 

 other similar questions of ' mare clausum ' and the rights of dominioi 

 claimed by other powers over the narrow seas near their coasts. 13 

 ' Doctrina Peripatetica.' 14, Lastly, after Pacio's death, was publishec 

 at Amsterdam, in 1643, 'Posthumus Pacionus, eeu Definitiones Juris 

 utriuaque.' 



(Lorenzo Crasso, Elogi di Uomini Letterati; Thomasini, Elogia 

 Doctorum ; Oassendi, Vita Peirescii.) 



PACIOLI, LUCAS, was born at Borgo San Sepolcro, in Tuscany 

 (whence he is frequently called Lucas de Burgo saucti Sepulchri, am 

 Lucas di Borgo), about the middle of the 15th century. He was a 

 Minorite friar, and taught successively at Perugia, Rome, Naples, Pisa 

 and Venice. He resided some time at Milan, in company with Leonardo 

 da Vinci ; they quitted Lombardy together on the arrival of the French 

 and Pacioli spent his last years at Florence and at Venice. He was 

 certainly alive in 1509; but from after that year M. Libri finds no 

 further mention of him as living. 



His 'Sumnia de Arithmetica, Geometria, Proportion!, et Proper 

 tionalita' wg printed in Italian, at Venice, in 1494. It contains 

 copious extracts from Fibonacci, to such an extent that Pacioli himsel 

 warns his reader, where no other authority is mentioned, to infer tha 

 Leonard of Piaa is followed. This work was the first printed on algebra 

 and though it does not advance the science, contains a large amount o 

 details, and carries the practice of algebraical operations into questions 

 of more complexity than any which had preceded, particularly in 

 operations on surd quantities. M. Libri Bays that the tnatiso on 

 book-keeping, which forms part of Pacioli's work, is the first in which 

 what id now called the method of double entry appears in print. 

 Some account of the contents will be found in Huttou's 'History o; 

 Algebra' ('Tracts,' vol. ii.). The ' Divina Proportione,' Venice, 1 509 

 is thus described by M. Libri : "Pacioli wished to make a certain pro- 

 portion, long known to geometers, the base of all the sciences. He 

 deduces from it the principles of architecture, the proportions of the 

 human figure, and even those which ought to be given to the letters 

 of the alphabet. It is a systematic treatise, of which the principal 

 merit consists in the co-operation of Leonardo da Vinci, who engraved 

 the plates, and probably also superintended the parts which concern 

 the arts. There are some propositions of geometry upon the inscrip- 

 tion of polyhedra in one another. . . . There is also the use ol 

 letters to indicate numerical quantities." On this lost sentence M. Libri 

 cites a passage containing the use of letters in a timple proportion ; 

 and it seems to us that the point which he is labouring to establish, 

 namely, the virtual existence of ' specious ' algebra before Vieta, cannot 

 be more completely overturned than by this, his only direct quotation 

 on the subject. When II. Libri says that Fibonacci used letters for 

 quantities, both known and unknown, he does not cite a passage, but 

 leaves it to be verified by those who will look over his citation of the 

 fifteenth chapter of Fibonacci, of more than 150 octavo pages. On 

 looking through these we do find a few places where numbers are 

 deuoted by single letters ; but whenever they are to be divided into 

 parts, double letters are used : in fact, Fibonacci does exactly what 

 Euclid does in the fiftli book. Of Pacioli's notation, in the professed 

 algebraical work, nothing is said ; but in the work we now mention 

 the quotation which is to establish that Pacioli had substantially the 

 idea of Vieta on algebra contains just as much algebraical notation as, 

 and no more than, appears in Pacioli's own translation of Euclid, pub- 

 lished in the .-ame year. M. Libri persists in supposing that the mere 

 use of letters to designate numbers is the sole distinction of Vieta's 

 algebra. 



Heilbronner infers from the preface to the ' Divina Proportione,' 

 that Pacioli translated Euclid into Italian, and it is uow known that 

 he did not publish several of iiis earlier works : but he himself, in the 

 dedication of the work BOW under mention, speaking of this very 

 Latin Euclid itself, ay, "Leges .... vernacula lingua per me 

 donatum Euclidem :" whence it is obvious that by 'veruacula' he 

 means the Latin, as opposed to Greek or Arabic. The translation is 

 substantially that of AtheUrtl (which goes by the name of Campanus), 

 and the commentaries of Campanus, or many of them, are added : 

 Pacioli' own additional comments are all headed ' Castigator.' All the 

 fifteen books are given which were supposed to be Euclid's. 



Pacioli is not to be looked on as a great im| rov.er either of geometry 

 or arithmetic : but his utility cannot be denied. It was he who made 

 Fibonacci useful to the world by his compilations from that writer, 

 and he hag shown so much learning on the subject, and has drawn 

 from (o many sources, that it is not perhaps too much to say that it was 

 better he should have printed the first book on algebra, than a more 

 original but less erudite teacher. 

 PACIUS A BEKIGA. [PACIO, Giuuo.] 



PACU'VIUS, MAKCUS, a native of Brundusium, a Latin dramatic 

 poet, and the nephew of Ennius, also distinguished himself as a 

 painter. Ho was born about B.C. 219. Pliny (' Hist. Nat.,' xxxv. 4, 7) 

 mentions some works executed by him in the temple of Hercules, in 

 the Forum Hoariuui at Homo, which apparently did him considerable 

 BIOO. D1V. VOL. IV. 



honour ; he remarks at the same time that ha was the last who 

 painted with 'hands polite" (' houestis manibus'), with tiie exception 

 perhaps of Turpiuus Labeo of Verpna, a Koma'i knight of his own 

 times. 



Some fragments of the tragedies of Pacuvius are still extant, and, 

 according to Quintilian ('Inst. Or.,' x. 1), they were not without their 

 merits. He died at Tarentum, in the ninetieth yenr of his age. He 

 wrote a simple epitaph upon himself, which has been preserved by 

 Aulus Gellius (i. 24) "Adolesceus, tamenetsi properas, to hoc saxum 

 rogat, uti ad se arispicias, deinde quod scriptum est, legas. Hie suut 

 poetse Pacuvii llarci sita ossa. Hoc volebam ; nescius ne esses : vale." 

 The Fragments of Pacuvius vvera collected by Henry Stephens, Svo, 

 Paris, 1564, and have since been printed in several editions of the 

 ' Corpus Poetarum Latinorum." Cicero, in his treatise ' On Friend- 

 ship ' (c. 7), introduces Lrclius as speaking in terms of commendation 

 of the ' Orestes ' of his friend Pacuvius. Pacuvius was fifty years 

 older than Attius, who exhibited a play in his thirtieth year, at the 

 same time that Pacuvius, then in his eightieth year, exhibited one. 

 (Cic., 'Brut.,'c. 64.) 



PADILLA, JUAN LOPEZ DE, the leader of a popular insur- 

 rection in Castile against the ministers of Charles V., known as 

 'La Guerra de las Comunidades," was the son of Pedro Lopez, a iioble- 

 man who held the high office of 'Adelantado Major' of that kingdom. 

 After the death of Ferdinand V. (151C) the crown of Aragou aud 

 Castile, together with the extensive possessions dependent on them in, 

 Europe, as well as in Africa and America, devolved upon his grandson 

 Charles, then in his sixteenth year. [CHARLES V.] The young prince 

 appointed Adrian of Utrecht to administer the kingdom in his absence, 

 but such was the aversion of the Spaniards to the government of a 

 stranger that Adrian's claim would at once have been rejected, had 

 not the celebrated Cardinal Ximcnez [CisnEKOs] consented to acknow- 

 ledge him as regent, and carry on the government in conjunction with 

 htm. However, Adrian and his Flemish associates in the adminis- 

 tration soon rendered themselves exceedingly obnoxious by their 

 utter incapacity, their corruption, and their avarice. The laws of the 

 kingdom were completely disregarded, the high offices of the state 

 either given to foreigners or sold to the highest bidder; and the 

 revenue of Spain, instead of being spent at home, found its way into 

 Germany : the sovereign himself, who was far from his natural 

 dominions, was a candidate for the imperial throne, then vacant by 

 the death of his grandfather Maximilian. All these causes of discon- 

 tent, increased by Charles's disregard to the remonstrances sent him 

 by the Cortes, spread widely through the Peninsula. The city of 

 Toledo was the first to show symptoms of rebellion. On the arrival 

 of Charles at Valladolid for the purpose of receiving from the Cortes 

 assembled there the oath of allegiance as heir to the crown of Castile, 

 the deputies of Toledo were entrusted by their constituents with a 

 lengthy memorial containing their grievances. Though Charles did 

 not openly deny their petition, he referred them to the Corteb about to 

 bo assembled et Santiago, and quitted Spain to take possession of the 

 imperial crown. 



When the people of Toledo heard that the deputies assembled in 

 Galicia had voted the emperor a free gift without obtaining redress of 

 any of their grievances they rose tumultuously in arms. Their first 

 act was to seize upon the Alcazar, a royal palace and fortress on u 

 eminence commanding Toledo; and after appointing Padilla to be 

 their leader, to establish a popular form of government. Segovia, 

 Toro, Salamanca, Murcia, and Avila followed the example. A general 

 meeting was convened at Avila, and a solemn league formed for the 

 mutual defence of their rights, thu direction of affairs being entrusted 

 to a council composed of the deputies of all the towus, under the 

 name of ' Junta de las Comuuidades.' In the meanwhile Adrian, who 

 resided at Valladolid, then tho capital of Spain, sent a body of troops 

 under Ronquillo to chastise the rebels; but while he was besieging 

 Segovia, Padilla, with a body of insurgents from Toledo, came to the 

 assistance of the citizens, and defeated the royal troops. The next 

 step of Padilla was to march upon Tordesillas, the place where Queeu 

 Joanna, Charles V.'s mother, had resided since the death of her hus- 

 band. Being admitted to the presence of the princess, who had long 

 jeen in a state of mental debility, Padilla and his followers renounced 

 he authority of the regent, and placed her at the head of the govern- 

 ment. Thence they proceeded to Valladolid, aud, deposing Adrian, 

 seized upon the archives and the seals of the kingdom. The Junta 

 then drew up a lengthy remonstrance, containing a state of their 

 jrievauces, and sent with it two of their number to the emperor, 

 iverything now augured success to the cause of popular liberty, but 

 dissension soon broke out in the ranks of its supporters. Tho Junta, 

 elying on the unanimity with which the nation had submitted to 

 .heir authority, and seeing no royalist forces on the field to obstruct 

 .heir designs, began seriously to think of reforming several political 

 abuses, and various measures were proposed aud carried which struck 

 io less at the privileges of the nobles than at the prerogatives of the 

 rown. This produced a union of the nobility with the royalists, 

 'he Junta, who now became jealous of Padilla's popularity, deprived 

 lim of the command of their forces, and appointed Don Pedro Uiron, 

 he eldest son of the Coude da Urcna, a nobleman of high rank, but 

 holly unequal to the tusk entrusted to him. 



In December 1520 the royalists, under the Coude de Haro, defeated 



2s 



