

PAGOI, GIOVANNI ISATTISTA. 



PA1N1-, THOMAS. 





a tute for the tudy of natural history, and when quite youug he and 

 hi* brother published a 'Flora and Fauna' of Yarmouth and iU 

 neighbourhood. He studied for the profession of surgery at St. Bartho- 

 lomew'* IIo>| i'l, London, where he distinguUhed himself by obtaining 

 prixrs in aluiott every clan. In 1836 he became a Member of the 

 College of Surgeons, and in 1844 a Fellow, after passing the College. 

 He was appoinle 1 assistant surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and 

 wa* one of the 6rst who received an appointment at this institution in 

 :ou to the vicious system of giving places only to those who 

 had been apprentices there. Ho was employed by the council of the 

 College of Surgeons to draw up a catalogue of the pathological prepa- 

 rations in the Huntarian museum. This task he performed with great 

 ability. He was also appointed Hunteriau Professor of surgery, and 

 delivered a course of lectures, which were afterwards published under 

 the title of ' Lectures on Surgical Pathology.' He has published 

 many paper* in the ' Transactions ' of the medical societies, nnd in the 

 medical journal* ; nnd he contributed several articles to the ' Penny 

 Cycloi .iilia." He is a Fellow of the Royal Society, and one of the 

 examiners of the candidates for the medical service of the East India 

 Company. lie is also lecturer on physiology and pathology at the 

 school of me li'inr i ith St. Bartholomew's Hospital. 



PAGUI, GIOVANNI P.ATTISTA, wai bom of an ancient and 

 noble family at Genoa, in 1554. He was the pupil of Luca Cambiaso, 

 and was distinguished chiefly as a painter, but lie was also a sculptor 

 and architect About 1580 ho was obliged to fly from Genoa in 

 consequence of an unfortunate homicide which the absurd conduct of 

 a friend brought upon him. Paggi went to Florence, and, under the 

 protection of the grind dukes Francesco I. nnd Ferdinamlo, there lived 

 in peace and with reputation, until he was recalled through Archbishop 

 Sinuanio, afterwards Cardinal, to Genoa about 1600, where he < xecutcd 

 several excellent works, and gave a great impulse, especially in colouring, 

 to the Genoese school of paiotiug, of which ho was the best master in 

 his time. His masterpieces are considered two pictures in San Barto- 

 lomeo, and the 'Slaughter of the Innocents' belonging to the Dona 

 family, painted in 1606. Paggi died in 102". In 1607 he published 

 .1 !!, "rt trcatUe on the theory of painting, entitled 'Definizione, o sia 

 1 >h iMoiie delln I'ittnra :' lie wrote it in consequence of his objecting to 

 some of the statements of Lomazzo in his ' Trattato ' and his ' Idea del 

 Tempi" della I'ittura.' Paggi's treatise is extremely scarce. 



PAINE, THOMAS, was born on the 29th of January 1737 at 

 Thctfonl, in the county of Norfolk. His father, who was a Quaker, 

 brought him up to his own busmen*, that of a stay maker. At the age 

 of twenty he removed to London, whore he worked some time at his 

 btuineai. He then went to Sandwich in Kent, where, iu 1760, he 

 married the daughter of an exciseman, and obtained a place iu tho 

 , but retained it only about a year, nnd then became an assistant 

 at a school in the neighbourhood of London. After leaving this situa- 

 tion he was again employed in the Excise, and was stationed at Lewes 

 in Sussex. Here he had gained some reputation by various pieces of 

 poetry, and had been Felectrd by the excisemen of the neighbourhood 

 to draw up ' The Case of the Officers of Excise ; with Remarks on the 

 Qualifications of Officer?, and on the numerous livils arising to the 

 :o from the Insufficiency of the present Salaries,' 1772. Tho 

 ability displayed in this his first prose composition induced one of 

 tho commisnioners of excise to give him a lott r of introduction to 

 ..in Franklin, then in London as a deputy from the colonies of 

 North America to tho British government Franklin advised him to 

 go to America. He took tho advice, and having settled himself at 

 ' Iphia in 1 774, became a contributor to various periodical works, 

 and in January 1775 editor of tho ' Philadelphia Magazine.' 



In January 1776 he published in America his 'Common Sense,' 

 which contributed in an eminent degree to make tho people of that 

 country of one mind at the time of the Declaration of Independence. 

 Jliirkc, in his ' Lett r to the Sheriffs of Bristol,' speaks of it as " that 

 celebrated pamphlet which prepared the minds of the people for inde- 

 pendence." For this production the legislature of Pennsylvania voted 

 I. .ui i,i)QI. ; the university of the same province conferred on him the 

 degree of M.A., and ho was elected a member of the American Philo- 

 sophical Society. He was also mode clerk to the Committee of Foreign 

 Affair*. During the American war he published at intervals fifteen 

 numbers of 'The Crisis' (Philadelphia, 1776-83), a series of political 

 appeals intended to rouie and keep alive the public spirit He was 

 obliged to resign his office of clerk in 1770, for having divulged some 

 official secrets in a controversy with Silas Deane, whom he accused of a 

 fra'idul> nt attempt to profit by his ngcncy, in conveying tho secret 

 supplies of stores from France. 



In 1781 Paine was sent to France with Colonel Lawrence to negociate 

 a loan, in which ho was more than successful ; for tho Kp noli govern- 

 ment pi-anted a- subsidy of six millions of livres to the Americans, and 

 al*o became guarantee for a loan of ten millions advanced by llollnnd. 

 On l.i return to America he was rewarded for his pervious by being 

 appointed, in 1785, clerk to the Assembly of Pennsylvania; he received 

 from Congn-n a donation of 8000 dollars; nnd the state of New York 

 bcntoHcd on him the confiscated estate of Frederic Havoc, a royalist, 

 near New Kochellr, in the state of New York, consisting of 600 acres 

 of well-cultivated land, with a good itone house. 



After the p<-;.c-- i rat Britain and America, Paine seems to 



have enjployi d him.-.clf chiefly in mechanicsl speculations. In 1787 he 



wout to France, and submitted to tho Academy of Sciences at Paris a 

 plsfi for tho construction of iron bridges. Meeting with no encourage- 

 ment, he crossed over into Kngland, and in prosecution of his project 

 entered into partnership with an iron-fouuder at Rotherham in York- 

 shire, and explained the principle* of his proposed construction in a 

 letter addressed to Sir George Staunton, and printed at Rotberhaui in 

 1789. The sums which this undertaking required, together with the 

 failure of his agent in America, involved him in difficulties, which 

 however were only temporary. 



The first part of his ' Rights of Man,' in reply to Burke's ' Reflec- 

 tions on the French Revolution,' was published at London, iu 171 : 

 and the second part early in 1792. An information was laid by the 

 attorney-general against him as the author of the second part, which 

 was designated as " a false, scandalous, malicious, and seditious libel;" 

 and tho trial came on in the court of King's Bench before Lord 

 Kenyon. He was eloquently defended by Lord Erakine, then the 

 Hon. Thomas Erskine, but the jury, without suffering the attorney- 

 general to reply, at onco pronounced him guilty. Erfkine, in con- 

 sequence of this defence, was dismissed from the office of attorney- 

 general to the Prince of Wales. 



In the meantime however Paine had been chosen by the department 

 of Calais as a member of the French National Convention, and having 

 escaped and landed iu Franco iu September 1792, was received with 

 enthusiastic congratulation*. He took his scat in the Convention, and 

 when the trial of Louis XVI. came on, offended the Jacobins by voting 

 that the king should be imprisoned during the war, and banished 

 afterwords. He published his ' Reasons for wishing to preserve the 

 Life of Louis Cnpet, in delivered to the National Convention.' Towards 

 the end of 1703 he was excluded from the Convention as a foreigner, 

 though he had been naturalised ; and in 1794 was arrested by order of 

 Robespierre, and committed as a prisoner to tho Luxembourg. 



He bad finished the first part of his ' Age of Reason' just before 

 his imprisonment : it was published at Paris uud-r the auspices of bis 

 friend Joel Barlow. The xecond part was completed during his con- 

 finement; and it was published at Paris in 1790, after the author h:id 

 been pet at liberty on tho fall of Robespierre. When tho English 

 publisher of this work was prosecuted iu 1797, Erskine appeared for 

 the prosecution, and a verdict of guilty was again pronounced. Bishop 

 Watson's 'Apology for the Bible, iu a scries of Letters to Thomas 

 Paine,' appeared in 1796. 



On his liberation Paine had asserted his right to sit as member of 

 the Convention ; and on the Sth of December 1794, he was allowed to 

 resume his place. About this time he gave offence to the people of 

 America by addressing a letter to General Washington, iu which he 

 reviled him for not interfering to procure bis liberation. In the course 

 of 1795 he published at Paris ' A Dissertation on the First Principles 

 of Government ; ' ' The Decline and Fall of the English System of 

 Finance;' and 'Agrarian Justice opposed to Agrarian Law and to 

 Agrarian Monopoly : being a Plan for meliorating tho Condition of 

 Man, by creating in every Nation a National Fund to pay to every 

 Person, when arrived at the age of twenty-one years, the sum of fifteen 

 pounds sterling, to enable him or her to begin the World ; and also ten 

 pounds sterling per annum during Life, to every Person now living of 

 tho age of fifty years, and to all others when they arrive at that ago, 

 to enable them to live an old age without wretchedness, and go 

 decently out of the World.' We give the full title of this Utopian 

 tract as a curiosity. The fund was to be -created by taking, on the 

 death of every individual, 10 per cent, of his property, as 'due to 

 society ,' and from 5 to 12 per cent more if there were no near rela- 

 tions, in proportion as the next of kin was nearer or more remote. 

 He states that this little piece was written in the winter of 1795-96. 



Paine remained in France some y. are longer, but having written to 

 Mr. Jefferson, who had recently been elected President of the United 

 States, and expressed a wish to be brought back to America iu a 

 government ship, Jefferson wrote to him, and offered him a passage in 

 the Maryland sloop of war, which he bad flout to France for a special 

 purpose. In his letter, dated March 1801, Jefferson expresses his 

 high estimate of Paino's services iu the cause of American independence 

 in the following words : ' I am in hopes you will find us returned 

 generally to sentiments worthy of former times. In these it will be 

 your glory to have steadily laboured, and with as much effect as any 

 man living. That you may long live to continue your useful labours, 

 and to reap their reward in the thankfulness of nations, is my sincere 

 prayer." 



Paine did not embark for America however till August 1802 : he 

 reached Baltimore in tho following October. His first wife had died 

 about a year after their marriage ; he lived about three years with his 

 second, whom he married soon afti-r the death of his first, when they 

 separated by mutual consent During his lost residence iu France he 

 had become intimate with M .::! r.<uincvillc, tho wife of a Fr< nch 

 bookseller, who, with her two sons, accompanied him to America. 

 After his return he published four or five trcati-es on iron bridges, 

 the yellow fever, on tho building of ships of war, Ac. 



lit- died on the 8th of June 1809, and was buried in a field on his 

 own estate near New Rochi-llc. Cobbett, some eight or nine years 

 afterwards, disinterred his bones and brought them to England ; but 

 in t ad of arousing, as he expected, the enthusiasm of the republican 

 party in this country, ho only drew upon himself universal contempt 



