PAJOO, AUGUSTA. 



PAL^PHATUS. 



M 



relatives k U Marine, a 1'Artilleri*, a VAttoque, et a la 

 DtfeoM de* C6tn et .lea Place*,' 8vo, Paria. 1828 ; ' Force et ruible.se 

 Miiiuire de U Franco : Esaal itir U Question Qendrala do U Defense 

 de KUU, et *nr 1* Guerre Defensive, en prenant pour Example les 

 FroD^rw Actuelles et 1' Annie de U France,' STO, Pan*, 1830 ; ' Forti- 

 fication* de Paris, on Kxamen de cis Questions Paris, doit il i'tre 

 fortifi* 1 ? lei Systeme* precentes penveut-ils etre admit T' &0., 8vo, 

 Paris, 1834 ; ' Destitution Militaire de la France : Etude BUT lea Modi- 

 fication* a apportcr an Sjstome de uoa Forces de Terre et. de Her, 

 tant poor opcrer let Progre* devenus ncreasaires que pour dimiuuer lea 

 Defence*, sana que la Puissance Nationale en suit altdrde,' 8vo, Paria, 

 1849. 



PAJOU, AUGUSTIN, n distinguished French sculptor, was born at 

 Paria in 1780, and was the pupil of J. B. Lomoino, likewise a sculptor 

 of eminence. Pajou obtained the grand prize for sculpture in the 

 French Academy in 1748, and accordingly went ai a pensioner of the 

 French government to Rome, where he remained twelve years. Gabct 

 mentions that Pajou was the sculptor of about two hundred works, in 

 bronze, marble, stone, wood, and even in paper or pasteboard ; and he 

 gives a list of some of those which he exhibited. In 1768 he exhibited 

 a sketch of the tomb of Stanislaus, king of Poland, and father-in-law 

 of Louis XV. ; a statue in lead, of the natural size, for the Duchess of 

 Mazarin, representing Love as ruler of the elements ; and four large 

 colossal figures in stone for the garden of the Palais-Royal, representing 

 Han, Prudence, Liberality, and Apollo. The following are some of 

 his principal works : Pluto holding Cerberus, chained (for this work 

 he was elected a member of the Academy) ; Psyche abandoned (in 

 the Luxembourg) ; statues of Pascal, Turenne, Bossuet, Buffon, and 

 Descartes ; the sculptures of the facade of the PaUU-ltoyal, ordered 

 by Louis XVI. He executed also the sculptures of the Salle de 1'Opera 

 at Versailles ; the ornumeuts of the Palais Bourbon, and of the Cathe- 

 dral of Orleans ; and also the Naiades of the south and west faces of 

 the Fontaine des Innocens. He died at Paris May 8, 1809. He was 

 made one of the professors of the French Academy of Arts in 1767 ; 

 and was subsequently a member of the French Institut His style was 

 natural and manly, and was so far the exponent of bis own character. 

 His son Jacques Augustin Pajou was a painter of great merit. 



* PALACKY, FRANTISEK, or FRANCIS, oi:e of the most emi- 

 nent living Bohemian authors, was born on the 14th of Juno 1793, at 

 Hodslawitz in Moravia, where his father Jiri or George Palacky, 1dm- 

 n-lf a ISohemian author, was rector of the school. The young Francis 

 received an excellent education, and made himself master of nearly 

 all the European languages to the extent of being able to read them 

 with ease, but showed an ardent attachment to his native tongue. 

 While he was still a youth, the poet Hollar [KOLLAU], who was five 

 yean bis senior, made bis acquaintance, and speaks of him in the 

 notes to bis ' Slawy Dcera ' as the first Bohemian scholar whom he 

 knew. After studying at Prcsburg and Vienna, he removed in 1823 

 to Prague, where he obtained the patronage of Count Steriiberg, the 

 founder of the Kohemian Museum ; and in 1827, when the publication 

 of the ' Ca>opis Ceake'ho Museum,' or ' Journal of the Bohemian 

 Mnxnin,' began, ho was appointed editor, and also superintended the 

 publication of a German translation of that periodical. The German 

 translation came to an end after a few volumes ; the liohemiau 

 original is still flourishing, after a prosperous career of thirty years, 

 and the long nerfes of volumes which it now extends to comprises a 

 great variety of interesting matter, much of which it would be of 

 advantage to literature to have made accessible in a language more 

 generally read. Palacky gave up the editorship after 1837 to his 

 friend Safarik, who in his turn resigned it to the present editor, 

 Wocrl. Palatky took a principal share in establishing the ' Matica 

 Coakii,' or ' Bohemian Fund,' a publishing society, which receives sub- 

 scriptions and issues book* of value. It is still in active operation, 

 and be is, we believe, still one of the directors. Among its sets of 

 works turned under the laptrinttadaOM of a committee of the 

 Husenm i* a *ort of Cycloptcdia, on tlio same plan as Lardner'* 

 ' Cabinet Cycloptcdia ; ' another, a set of reprints of .-ucceasf ul modern 

 works called the ' Novocoska Biblloteka,' or 'Modern Bohemian 

 Library ;' a third, the 'SUu-ocoska lliblioteka,' or ' Ancient Bohemian 

 Library,' comprises editions of older book* or of ancient manuscripts, 

 with note*, and of some of these Palacky is editor. In 1831 ho 

 received from the states of Bohemia the appointment of historio- 

 grapher to the kingdom, with a handsome salary, which was after- 

 ward* augmented by the Emperor of Austria. As the most interesting 

 feature* of the history of the country relate to its struggle* against 

 the pope, the Germans, and the emperor, it is ceitniuly a remarkable 

 circumstance that the task of recording them nhould have been 

 officially entrusted to a liberal, a Bohemian, and a Protestant. In pur- 

 suance of hi* task, Palacky found it necessary to examine the archive i 

 not only of every part of Bohemia, but of Dresden, Munich, ami 

 other of the German cities, and even of the Vatican ; an account of 

 his journey to which and his investigation* Uiere he published in tho 

 ' Transaction* of tho Bohemian Academy of Science*,' of which he 

 wa a member. The first volume of hi* 'History of Bohemia,' 

 written in the German language, and published at the expense of the 

 (tate*, appeared in 1880. It* progreu, which was alow, was inter- 

 rupted in 1848 by the share which the country took in the agitations 

 of that yer, in which Palacky took a connpicuoui part 



The attempt of the Hungarians to suppress or degrade the Slavonic 

 dialect) spoken in Hungary led to tho assembling of a congress at 

 Prague of the Slavonic subjects of the Austrian empire, to originate a 

 counter-movement, and to urge Slavonic claims in general. Literature 

 was fully represented at this congress. Palacky, Safarik, and Wocel, 

 tho three successive editors of the 'Journal of the Museum,' were 

 three of its members, and Palacky was chosen its ' starosta,' or president. 

 On the 2nd of June 1848 a procession moved from the Bohemian 

 Museum, formerly tbe Sternberg palace, to Sophia island in the Moldau, 

 where, in a temporary pavilion, Pakcky delivered his inaugural speech, 

 which is printed in the 'Casopis' for that year. "That," he began, 

 "which our fathers never hoped to aee, that which in our youth 

 merely rose before us as a glorious dream, that which a short time ago 

 we did not dare even to express as a wish, is now, this day, this very 

 day, presented to our enraptured eyes as a living fact. Slavonic 

 brethren have come together from countries sundered far and wide 

 have come to us in Prague, the city of old renown, to declare that they 

 belong to one great family, to give the hand to an eternal bond of love 

 and brotherhood.". . , " The freedom that we now desire,'' he said, " is 

 no stranger among us no exotic imported from foreign lauds ; it is a 

 tree that has grown on our own soil; it is our inheritance from glorious 

 ancestors. Perhaps it was necessary that we should be taught its 

 value by the bitter experience of its loss for ages. That we have now 

 regained it, that we are now once more what we will be, free, we owe 

 in the first instance to our own awakening, to our own perception of 

 what alone can save us, and next to our gracious King and Emperor 

 Ferdinand. I, who knew the old misfortunes and sufferings of our 

 nation, I, who see with a clear e\ e the glorious future that is opening on a 

 country that is the beloved of my soul, I may exclaim like him recorded 

 iu the gospel, ' Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, for 

 mine eyes have seen thy salvation.' " But a few days were sufficient 

 to show that Palacky, however admirable ta a historian, was not 

 endowed with the gift of prophecy. Aft. r a few meetings, in which it 

 was proposed among other things to found a great library of books in 

 the Slavonic language-', after the issue of a few document*, one of 

 which, signed by Palacky, was an ' Address of the Slavonic Congress to 

 the nations of Europe,' came the misunderstandings, not originating 

 however, it is said, in the congress, which led so early as the 1 

 June to fighting in the streets, and before a week was over to the 

 bombardment of Prague by Windischgrutz. The Slavonic Congress 

 was broken up to re-assemble iu happier times, but the time for 

 re-assembling has not yet arrived. Palacky was afterwards the head 

 of the Slavonic party at the diet of Kremsier, but tho diet of Kremsier 

 has proved equally abortive. He is now peacefully engaged in con- 

 tinuing his ' History of Bohemia,' 



The ' History of Bohemia ' is one which ought to have many attrac- 

 tions for an English student. It was und<r a Bohemian queen of 

 Ku^land, the consort of our Richard II., that the doctrines of \Vycliffe 

 which were effectually smothered in England were carried by some of 

 her followers from Oxford to Prague, where they burst into a flame, 

 wl.i.-h throws a light on Bohemia iu the history of Europe. It was under 

 '>f Bohemia, from whom Queen Victoria's claim to 

 the throne of England is derive!, that the country emerged again into 

 notice, to be consigned by the fatal ' Battle of the White Mountain ' 

 to two centuries of obscurity and neglect. PaUcky'n will no doubt, 

 when completed, ba the standard history of tho country, 

 written not only with a complete knowledge of the subject, to which 

 he has devoted bis life, but with a thorough mastery of his materials 

 and a general tone of vigour and spirit In religion Palacky is a 

 Protestant ; in politics, a lover of freedom ; but his historical impar- 

 tiality and candour have scarcely been questioned, even by opponents 

 who question the conclusions to which he arrives. He was assailed by 

 Kopitar for asserting the Byzantine origin of the Slavonic liturgy, a 

 view which is not regarded with approbation by Catholics, but tin- 

 general voice of competent judges has been on Palacky 'a side. The 

 ' Archiv Cesky,' a collection of documents in the Bohemian language 

 hitherto unpublished, and collected by Palacky from various sources, 

 is a companion to tho history. It extends to three quarto volumes 

 (184044), and was published at the expense of the Bohemian States. 

 The smaller works of Palacky are very numerous, but all of them 

 relating to subjects of Bohemian history, literature and biography, 

 except hi* ' Theory of tho Beautiful,' 1821, and his ' General History 

 of Aesthetics,' 1823, both iu German, a language which he writes with 

 perfect mastery unusual in a Bohemian. His ' Elements of Bohemian 

 Prosody,' in Bohemian, published in conjunction with Safarik in 1818, 

 his ' Estimate of the old Boh. mum Historians,' 1830; his 'Synchro- 

 nistic View of Bohemian Dignitaries,' 1832; bis 'Life and Literary 

 Labours of Dubrowsky,' 1833 [UouiiowsKv] ; hi* ' Literary Tour to 

 It ily in 1*37;' hi* 'Oldest Memorials of the Bohemian Language ' 

 A.-KV and HAXKA], 1840, all in German are some of the 

 most important In 162V he edited a third volume of the ' Scriptores 

 rerum Bohemicarum,' of which the first two had been published many 

 year* before by K 



PAL.-K I'll ATUa Four Greek writers of this name are mentioned 

 by Suidas, the oldest of whom, an epic poet, a native of Athens, is 

 aid to have lived before the Homeric times. Suidas quotes the titles 

 of several of hi* works the ' Cosmopcea, " The Birth of Apollo and 

 Diana,' &a The second was a native of Paras or Priene, who lived in 



