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PALLADIUM 



PALLAS, PETER SIMON. 



OK! 



rated in any one else. As regards Palladio himself, there may be 

 much excuse for his errors, but certainly none for the prejudices of 

 those who would now insist upon our admiring his works without 

 qualification, more particularly as nothing is easier than for a modern 

 architect to avoid his fault*, and even to improve upon his beauties. 



PALLA'DIl'S, generally surnamed 'Sophists,' or ' latrosophista,' 

 the author of three Greek medical works still extant. Nothing is 

 known of the events of his life, but he is supposed to have gained his 

 title of !arpo(ro<piin~fis by having being a professor of medicine at 

 Alexandria. His age is also very uncertain : but as he quotes Galen 

 ('De Febrib.,' pp. 6, 8, 12, 56, ed. Bernard), and he is himself several 

 times mentioned by Rises, we may safely place him somewhere 

 between the beginning of the 3rd and the end of the 9th century A.D. 

 Freind, in his ' Hist, of Physic,' argues that he must have lived after 

 Aetius, because the chapter ' De Epiala,' in hia treatise ' De Febribus,' 

 is taken word for word from that author : but this argument is by no 

 means conclusive, because (as Bernard remarks in his preface) almost 

 the very same words are to be found in Galen ('De Different. Febr.,' 

 lib. ii. cap. 0) from whom therefore it is probable that both authors 

 borrowed the passages in question. The first of his extant works is 

 entitled Tltpl irvprriav ffuvro/tos crvvotyts, ' De Febribus concisa Synopsis.' 

 It consists of thirty chapters, and contains an account of the diff-rent 

 kinds of fever (cap. 4, &c.), its causes (cap. 9), and its symptoms (cap. 

 10) : it then treats separately of the different kinds of fever (cap. 14- 

 18), and especially of the intermittent (cap. 19-23) ; and finally, in one 

 short chapter, of the treatment (cap. 29). The treatise is too short to 

 be of much value, and almost the whole of it is to be found in Galen, 

 Aetius, aud Alexander Trallianus. It was first edited by Chartier, 

 4to, Gr. and Lat., Paris, 1646 ; the best editions are those by J. St. 

 Bernard, 8vo, Gr. and Lat., Lugd. Bat., 1746 ; by Ideler in the first 

 volume of his 'Physici et Medici Grsoci Minores,' BeroL 8vo, 1841. 

 It deserves to be noticed, that though there are several manuscripts 

 of this treatise in different public libraries, not one of them bears the 

 name of Palladius ; but in some it is ascribed to Stephanus, in some 

 to Theopliilus, and in others to both. It is however, in the opinion of 

 Freind ('Hist, of Physic') and Bernard ('Prsefat.'), clearly ascertained 

 to be the work of Palladius, as he refers to it in another of his works 

 entitled "Eis imov run IviSyiuiov \m6fantiia, ' In Sextum (Hippocr.) 

 Epidemiorum Librum Commentarius ' (sect. vi. 6). This work is 

 imperfect, and goes no farther than the seventh section, with a few 

 fragments of the eighth. In it (says Freind) he, with great perspicuity 

 and exactness, illustrates not only Hippocrates, but also several pas- 

 sages of Galen; and observes particularly that the stone increased 

 much in his time, and was less curable ; and this he imputes to the 

 luxury of the age, to much eating, and want of exercise (sect. L 5, p. 

 19, ed. Dietz.). It was first translated into Latin by J. P. Crassus, aud 

 published after his death, Basil. 4to, 1581, in the collection called 

 ' Medici Antiqui Gra;ci,' &c. The Greek text was published for the 

 first time by F. R. Dietz, in hia ' Scholia in Hippocratem et Galenum,' 

 &c., 2 vols. 8vo, Regim. Pruss., 1834. The third work by Palladius is 

 entitled 2x^Am et's rb vfpl byfuav 'liriroKpiiTous, ' Scholia in Librum 

 Hippocratis de Fracturi*.' This also is imperfect; but, in Freind's 

 opinion, what remains is enough to let us see that we have no great 

 Ions by it, the text being as full and as instructive as the annotations. 

 They were translated into Latin by Jac. Sautalbinus, and are inserted, 

 Gr. and Lat., in the edition of Hippocrates by A. Foesius, Francof., 

 t'ol., sect, vi., pp. 196-212; and in that of Hippocrates and Galen 

 by Chartier, torn, xii., pp. 270-286. Dietz, in his preface, mentions 

 another work by Pallndius which he found in manuscript in the library 

 at Florence, consisting of scholia on Galen's work ' De Secta,' which be 

 intended to publish, but found the manuscript so corrupt, that he was 

 obliged to give it up. Palladius appears to have been well known to the 

 Arabians, as, besides being quoted by Rases, he is mentioned among other 

 commentators on Hippocrates by the unknown author of 'Philosoph. 

 Hiblioth.,' quoted in Casiri, 'Biblioth. Arabico Hisp. Escurial,' t. i. p. 237. 



PALLA'DIUS, a Roman writer on agriculture, whose complete 

 name is PALLADIUS RUTILIUS TACRCS .^MILIANUS. The place of his 

 birth and his period are uncertain, but it is probable that he lived 

 abont the time of Valentinian and Theodosius. He is the author of 

 an extant work entitled 'De Re Rustica,' in 14 books. The first book 

 contains general rules about agriculture ; the twelve following books 

 are respectively devoted to the agricultural labours of each month ; 

 the fourteenth book is in elegiac verse, and treats of grafting trees. 

 The work of Palladius appears to be mainly a compilation from pre- 

 vious writers, such as Columella and Martialis Gargilius, whose work 

 on agriculture and garden cultivation is lost. The style is inferior to 

 that of Colnmella, and indicates a lato period. The work of Palla- 

 diua, probably owing in some degree to the convenience of the division, 

 was much used in the middle ages, and the ' Speculum ' of Vincent of 

 Beanvais has borrowed much from it. 



Palladius and the other Roman writers on agriculture arc contained 

 in the edition of the 'Scriptores Rei Rustics),' by J. M. Gesner, 

 Leipzig, 1735, and in the improved edition of the same work by 

 Ernesti, 1773. The best edition is by J. G. Schneider, 4 vols.\8vo, 

 ig, 1794-97. The 'De Re Rustica' has been translated into 

 English by Owen, 1803; into French by Darcea, 1553; into Italian by 

 8ftnsoTino,1560,andbyZanotti,1810; and into German by Maius, 1612. 



PALLA'DIUS, one of the early Christian fathers, was bishop of 



Helenopolis in Bithynia, and author of a Greek Work containing tho 

 lives of certain persons in Palestine and Egypt who made themselves 

 remarkable at the time when he wrote by their religious austerities. 

 This work was called the ' Lausiac History,' from Lausus, an officer 

 in the imperial court at Constantinople, to whom it was dedicated. 

 It is published in the 'Bib. Pat. Morell.,' Par., 1644. According to 

 Cave, Palladius wrote his history about 421, in the fifty-third year of 

 his aee. We know nothing more of him, except that he was an 

 Origenist and an admirer of Rufiuus. He speaks very strongly against 

 Jerome. There was another writer of the same name, who composed 

 a ' Dialogue of the Life of St. Chrysostom,' at Rome, in the year 408. 

 It is not known whether he is the same or a different person from the 

 former. Du Pin thinks him the same ; Tillemont and Fabricius tako 

 him to be another person. His 'Dialogue' is published in the best 

 editions of Chrysostom's works. 



PALLAS, PETER SIMON, was the son of a surgeon at Berlin, 

 where he was born on the 22nd of September 1741. He was brought 

 up to .the medical profession, and instructed in the natural and 

 medical sciences, in which he made rapid progress. He had also a 

 great talent for learning languages, which he found of advantage to 

 him in after-life. While very young he imbibed a taste for zoology, 

 and to this science (which became the sole occupation of his futuro 

 years), he devoted all his leisure while a boy. In 1758 he went to the 

 University of Halle, and he afterwards visited those of Gbttingen and 

 Leyden. At Leyden he took his Doctor's degree, on which occasion 

 he wrote an inaugural dissertation on intestinal worms. Zoology had 

 now become his ruling passion, and he employed almost all his time 

 in visiting the different museums of natural history, for which Leyden 

 was at that time particularly celebrated. In July 1761 he came to 

 London for the avowed object of studying medicine, but in reality for 

 tbe purpose of examining the different collections of animals in this 

 country, and making himself acquainted with the natural productions. 

 He remained in London nearly a twelvemonth. In 1763 he obtained 

 his father's permission to settle at the Hague, where in 1766 he pub- 

 lished his ' Elenchus Zoophytorum,' a work evincing great talent, and 

 which acquired him considerable reputation. The ' Miscellanea Zoo- 

 logica," which appeared the same year, further increased the fame of 

 Pallas, and he had appointments offered him by several foreign govern- 

 ments. Among others he attracted the notice of the Empress 

 Catherine, who invited him to St. Petersburg, and offered him the 

 professorship of natural history in the Imperial Academy of Sciences, 

 which he accepted in 17&'7. 



At the time of bis arrival in Russia an expedition, composed of a 

 number of astronomers and other scientific men, was on the eve of 

 setting out, by command of the empress, for the purpose of observing 

 the transit of Venus, and of investigating the natural history and 

 geography of Siberia and the other northern parts of the Russian 

 empire. Pallas gladly accepted an invitation to accompany the expe- 

 dition, and employed the winter previous to his departure in making 

 the necessary preparations. During this interval he found time how- 

 ever to continue his literary labours, and prepared several numbers of 

 the ' Spicilegia Zoologica ' for publication, a work which he had com- 

 menced previous to going to St. Petersburg. He also presented his 

 first celebrated memoir to the academy on the fossil bones of great 

 quadrupeds, which have been so abundantly met with in Siberia. He 

 showed that these bones must be referred to different species of 

 elephant and rhinoceros, and other animals now inhabiting tropical 

 countries. 



The expedition set off in June 1768. The first summer was spent 

 in traversing the plains of European Russia, and the winter was 

 passed at Simbirsk, on the Volga. The next year the expedition 

 visited the borders of Calmuck Tartary, when Pallas carefully 

 examined the shores of the Caspian Sea. They afterwards proceeded 

 through Oienburg, aud passed the next winter at Ufa. In 1770 

 Pallas crossed the Uraliau Mountains to Cathariuenburg, aud after 

 examining the mines in that neighbourhood he procedeed to Tobolsk, 

 the capital of Siberia. The year following the expedition reached the 

 Altai Mountains, which run from cast to west, forming the southern 

 boundary of Siberia, and, by forming a barrier which obstructs the 

 course of the southerly winds, renders Siberia much colder than 

 many countries in the t-ame degrees of latitude. Thence they pro- 

 ceeded to Krasnoyarsk, on the Yenesei, where they passed the winter, 

 and here they observed the freezing of mercury, in 564 N. lat. The 

 next spring Pallas penetrated across the mountains to the frontiers of 

 China, whence he retraced his steps, and slowly proceeded home- 

 wards, visiting Astrakhan and the neighbourhood of Mount Caucasus 

 on the way back. He reached St. Petersburg in July 1774, having 

 been absent six years. 



Pallas, who was a young and vigorous man when he set out, returned 

 broken down in health, and with his hair whitened from fatiguo and 

 disease. Almost all his companions had died ; and instead of enjoying 

 the rest which he so much needed, he was obliged to redouble hia 

 activity, in order to arrange their notes and observations as well as his 

 own. The journal which he had kept of his travels, and which ho 

 occupied bis time in arranging while tho expedition was detaine 1 in 

 winter quarters, had been regularly transmitted each year to St. 

 Petersburg, and published on its arrival. 



On his return to St. Petersburg he received many marks of favour 



