849 



PALMAROLI, PIETRO. 



FALMERSTON, VISCOUNT. 



050 



of Titian, and more especially those of Tintoretto. At the age of 

 fifteen he was taken under the protection of the Duke of Urhino, and 

 maintained for eight years at Rome, where, by copying the antique, 

 Michel Aneelo, Raffaelle, and Polidoro, he acquired correctness, style, 

 and effect, wbich he endeavoured to embody in the first works which 

 he produced after his return to Venice. Some writers of little acute- 

 ness conceive that those works combine the best principles of the Roman 

 and Venetian schools. They are executed with considerable degree of 

 facility, which was the great talent of this master, but are wanting in 

 the higher excellences of art. Young Palma did not till late succeed 

 in obtaining adequate employment; honour and emolument were 

 engrossed by Tintoretto and Paul Veronese. He owed the advantage 

 of being considered the third in rank to the patronage of Vittoria, a 

 fashionable architect and sculptor, through whose recommendation he 

 was overwhelmed with commissions, which had the unhappy effect of 

 relaxing his diligence. On the death of his former competitors, when 

 he found himself without a rival, his carelessness increased, and his 

 pictures were little more than sketches ; yet, when time and price 

 were left to his discretion, he produced works rich in composition, 

 full of beauty, variety, and expression. His tints, fresh, sweet, and 

 transparent, less gay than those of Veronese, but livelier than those 

 of Tintoretto, though slightly laid on, still preserve their bloom. In 

 variety of expression he is not much inferior to either of those masters, 

 snd his 'Plague of the Serpents' at St. Bartolomeo may vie with the 

 same subject by Tintoretto in the school of St. Rocco. From young 

 Palma the depravation of style at Venice may be dated, yet his works 

 have much to attract and interest. He died in 1628, aged eighty-four 

 years. 



PALMARO'LI, PIETRO, a painter and celebrated picture-restorer, 

 who was the first to transfer frescoes from the wall to canvas. The 

 first work so transferred was the ' Descent from the Cross ' by Daniele 

 da Volterra, in the church of Trinita de' Monti, in 1811 : it is still in 

 this church, but not in the chapel in which it was originally painted. 

 The successful transfer of this picture caused a great sensation at 

 Rome and in other parts of Italy, where such transfers were and still 

 are repeatedly practi-ed with success. Palmaroli transferred and 

 restored many celebrated works in Rome and in Dresden, and among 

 those in the latter city the celebrated ' Madonna di San Sisto ' by 

 Raffaelle was restored by him. Palmaroli has done great service as a 

 restorer : be freed in 1816 the celebrated fresco of the ' Sibyls,' painted 

 by Raffaelle for Agostino Chigi in the church of Santa Maria della 

 Pace, from the destructive restorations in oil which were made by order 

 of Alexander VII. Although some restorations were necessary and 

 are evident in this work, the lovers of art are highly indebted to 

 Palmaroli ; for, before his undertaking, this celebrated fresco was a 

 subject of general disappointment to the admirers of Raffaelle, and was 

 indeed so dark that the objects were scarcely distinguishable. He died 

 at Rome in 182S. (Plainer, Beschre&ung der Sladt Rom, voL iii, pt. 3, 

 p. 385; Kunttblalt,\&3T ; Nagler, Neue AUgemeines Kiinttler Lexicon.) 



PALMBLAD, VILHELM FREDRIK, a Swedish writer of con- 

 siderable note, was born on the 16th of December 1788, at Liljestad, 

 near Suderkoping, the llth child of a military commissary, who had 

 procured the situation of Kronofogde, or collector of taxes. The 

 property of the family must have been considerable, as young Palm- 

 blad, when a student at Upsal and before attaining his majority, 

 bought, in conjunction with another student, the university printing- 

 office, and forthwith commenced a series of publications, which bad 

 for tbeir object to effect a revolution in Swedish literature. The first 

 number of ' Phosphoroe," a new periodical by Atterbom and Palmblad, 

 appeared in July 1810, within a month of his taking possession of the 

 printing-office ; at Christmas of the next year appeared the first 

 number of the ' Poeti.-k Kaleuder,' the earliest Swedish annual, and 

 in the beginning of 1813 the first of the ' Svensk Litteratur Tidning,' 

 or ' Swedish Literary Gazette.' 



The ' Tidning,' which lasted for eleven years up to 1824 was the 

 most long-lived Swedish literary periodical on record ; while the Danes 

 could, in 1824, boast of one that had outlived a century. [MULLEB, 

 P. K.] Its circulation, we are told by Palmblad, was never upwards 

 of 200, and averaged about 150 ; yet it had a great influence on the 

 cultivation of Swedish literature. It excited the astonishment of the 

 public by the audacity of its attacks upon the old school in literature, 

 which at that time was entirely French in its models and its opinions; 

 and on one occasion the Rector of the University of Upsal summoned 

 Palmblad, as the university printer, beforo him to inform him that, 

 if his periodical contained any more unfavourable criticisms upon the 

 Swedish Academy, his privilege would be withdrawn. The Swedish 

 Academy had been founded in imitation of the French Academy by 

 Oustavus III., who was accustomed to declare that there were two 

 things he held in utter abomination the German language and tobacco. 

 One of the chief objects of the new school which from the title of its 

 first periodical, the ' Phosphoros,' became known by the name of the 

 ' Phosphorists ' was to introduce the Swedish public to some know- 

 ledge of the masterpieces of Gothe and Schiller ; and in spite of the 

 efforts of the Academy, which in the first instance looked upon the 

 Phosphorate as a body of contumacious rebels, the result was general 

 though not local success. Atterbom, the chief leader of the party, 

 was indeed too fantastic in the character of his own writings to become 

 unconditionally popular; but before the close of bis career he was 



elected a member of the Academy of which he had been the assailant. 

 Tegne'r and Geijer, who had censured some of the proceedings of the 

 new party as violent and intolerant, were themselves much more averse 

 to the principles of the old ; and, finally, an almost complete revolution 

 took place in the aspect of Swedish literature. 



Palmblad, who was active both with the pen and the press, continued 

 to contribute to the periodicals that successively arose on the ruins of 

 each other, the ' Journal of the Swedish Literary Union,' ' Svea,' 

 ' Skandia,' ' Mimer Frey,' &c., and also pursued an academical career. 

 In 1822 he became 'Docent' or tutor of Swedish history at the uni- 

 versity, in 1827 assistant professor of geography and history, and in 

 1835 professor of Greek. Many of his numerous works are on the 

 subjects which occupied him as professor : his ' Handbook of Physical 

 and Political Geography ' (5 vols., Upsal, 1 826-37) is of high repu- 

 tation, and has been translated from Swedish into German. His 

 poetical translations of Sophocles (1841) and of jEschylus (1845) are 

 of some note. When professor of Greek however he often felt an 

 inclination to return to an early amusement of writing novels, and his 

 ' Falkensvard Family * (2 vols., Orebro, 1844-45), and ' Aurora 

 Konigsmark ' (6 vols., Orebro, 1846-51), met with much success, and 

 were translated into German. The work however which is certain to 

 perpetuate his name is the great ' Biographical Dictionary of Cele- 

 brated Swedes,' which he left incomplete at his death, on the 2nd of 

 September 1852. 



This dictionary, ' Biographiskt Lexicon ofver uamnkunnige Svenska 

 Man,' commenced in 1835, was interrupted at Professor Palmblad's 

 death, but is now again in progress. The last volume we have seen is 

 the twenty-second, which brings it as far in the alphabet as the end of 

 the letter W. It embraces the names of the living as well as the dead, 

 and a considerable portion of the information it contains is derived 

 from private communications or from personal observation, and embo- 

 died for the first time in its pages. It aspires to give an account of 

 every Swedish name of note, and a list of the works of every Swedish 

 author. The only other biographical dictionary of the same kind that 

 the Swedes possess, is that of Gezelius in three volumes, and a supple- 

 ment commenced in 1778. But the new work is on a much larger 

 scale in every way than the somewhat meagre compilation of Gezelius. 

 Many of the lives are given at considerable length, several are auto- 

 biographies, as the account of Palmblad himself. On the other hand, 

 some of the lives of living persons are little more than a string of dates, 

 with, a record of promotions ; but such inequalities are of course 

 unavoidable in a work of the kind. The book is generally known as 

 ' Palmblad's Biographical Dictionary,' but does not bear his namo in 

 the title, and in his life he speaks of himself as only one of the editors, 

 and the author of a considerable number of the lives. It is one of tho 

 most indispensable books in a Swedish library, and will, as it comes to 

 be more generally known, do much to spread abroad the knowledge of 

 the illustrious names of Sweden. 



* PALMERSTON, HENRY JOHN TEMPLE, VISCOUNT, was 

 born at Broadlands, near Romsey, in Hampshire, on the 20th of 

 October 1784. His family, the Temples, trace their descent from one 

 of the Saxon earls anterior to the Norman Conquest. With this 

 family the ducal house of Buckingham and Chandos is connected by 

 ancient marriage. The Temples themselves were of some distinction 

 in English political history as early as the time of Elizabeth, or even 

 earlier ; but perhaps the most celebrated of them was the famous Sir 

 William Temple, the friend of William III. and the patron of Dean 

 Swift They were first ennobled in 1722, when Henry Temple, Esq., 

 was created Baron Temple of Mount Temple, county Sligo, and 

 Viscount Palmerston of Palmerston, county Dublin botu dignities 

 being in the Irish peerage. He died in 1769, and was succeeded by 

 his grandson Henry Temple, the second peer, who lived till 1802. Of 

 this second peer the subject of our memoir was tae eldest son ; but 

 there were three other children a son, the late Sir William Temple, 

 K.C. B., long British minister-plenipotentiary at Naples, and two 

 daughters, one of whom was the wife of Admiral Bowles. The 

 present Lord Palmerston was educated first at Harrow School, then at 

 the University of Edinburgh (where Dugald Stewart and other distin- 

 guished professors were at that time in the height of their reputation), 

 and lastly at St. John's College, Cambridge. Before the conclusion of 

 his university education be succeeded his father in the title at the age 

 of eighteen (1802). In 1806 he took the degree of M.A. at Cambridge. 

 Early in the same year, being then only twenty-one, he contested the 

 representation of the University of Cambridge in the House of 

 Commons with Lord Henry Petty (now the Marquis of Lansdowne), 

 who had just accepted the chancellorship of the Exchequer under 

 the Whig government of Lord Grenville, and was consequently obliged 

 to appeal to his constituency. The young candidate for political 

 honours failed in this attempt, but was immediately returned to 

 parliament for the borough of Bletchingley. He subsequently sat for 

 Newport in the Isle of Wight, but at length obtained the object of his 

 ambition in being returned for the University of Cambridge. From 

 his first entrance into parliament Lord Palmerston's conduct and 

 manner were such as to impress his seniors with bis tact and ability, 

 and to mark him out for promotion and employment. He spoke 

 seldom, but always interestiugly and to the purpose ; and his talents 

 for business were from the first conspicuous. In 1807, on the 

 formation of tho Tory administration of the Duke of Portland and 



