PAK^ITIUS. 



PAOLI, PASQUALE DE. 



Pliny telU us that Pantcnus pointed the interior of tho temple of 

 Minerva at Ell* with uiilk and saffron ; be painted also the inside of 

 MlDerra'i shield, but in what manner wo are not informed. 



Already in the time of Pausemis prize contest* were established at 

 Coriuth and Delphi, in one of which he was defeated by Timagoraa of 

 Chalcis at the Pythian games. (Pliny, zzxv. 9, 35.) Although this 

 is the only notice we hare of Tiuiagoras, he must hare been a painter 

 of considerable turrit, from this tingle circumstance. Ue himself 

 celebrated his own victory in verm. 



PAN^TIUS, a Greek philosopher, was a native of Rhodes. He 

 studied at Athens, under Diogenes the Stoic, and afterwards went to 

 Rome, about B.C. 140, where ho gave lessons of philosophy and was 

 intimate with Scipio ./Emilianus, the younger L;elius, and Polybius. 

 AfUr a time Panntius returned to Athens, where he became the 

 leader of the Stoic school, and where he died at a very advanced age. 

 Posidonius, Scylaz of Halicarmwsus, Hecaton, and Mnesarchus are 

 mentioned among his disciple**. Panaetius was not apparently a strict 

 Stoic, but was rather an Eclectic philosopher who tempered the 

 austerity of his sect by adopting something of the more refined style 

 and milder principles of Plato and the other earlier Academicians. 

 (Cicero, De Finibus,' iv. 28.) Cicero, who speaks repeatedly of the 

 works of Pauootius in terms of the highest veneration, and acknow- 

 ledges that he borrowed much from them, says that Panactius styled 

 Plato ' the divine ' and ' the Homer of philosophy,' and only dissented 

 from him on the subject of the immortality of the soul, which he 

 seems not to have admitted. (' 'I'uscuL Quaest.,' L 32.) 



Aulus Gellius (xii. 5) cays that Pansetius rejected the principle of 

 apathy adopted by the later Stoics, and returned to Zeno'a original 

 meaning, namely, that the wise man ought to know how to master the 

 impressions which he receives through the senses. In a letter of con- 

 solation which Panaetiua wrote to Q. Tubero, mentioned by Cicero 

 (' De Finibus,' iv. 9), he instructed him how to endure pain, but never 

 laid it down as a principle that pain was not an evil. He was very 

 temperate in his opinions, and he often replied to difficult questions 

 with Uiodest hesitation, saying i*ix<*i " I will consider." 



None of the works of Pamutius have come down to us, but their 

 titles and a few sentences from them are quoted by Cicero, Diogenes 

 Laertius, and others. He wrote a treatise ' On Duties,' the substance 

 of which Cicero merged in his own work 'De Otliciis.' Cicero says 

 that Punaitius had divided bis subject into three parts: the first 

 treated of those cases in which men deliberate between what is honest 

 and what is dishonest; the tecoud, concerning what is useful and 

 what is disadvantageous ; and the third, of those cases in which the 

 useful is opposed to the honest : that he treated the two firot in a 

 masterly manner, but did not go on with the third part, although he 

 bad promised to do so, and though he lived for thirty years lifter he 

 had composed the others. His disciple Posidonius supplied in some 

 degree the deficiency. ('De Officiis,' iii. 2, and 'Ernst, ad Alt,' 

 xvi. 11.) 



Pantotius wrote a treatise ' On Divination,' of which Cicero probably 

 made ue in his own work on the tame subject. In book ii. 42, 

 Cicero quotes Panactius as " one among the Stoics who rejected the 

 predictions of the soothsayers ; and his disciple, Scylux of Halicar- 

 nassus, an astrologer himself, and also a distinguished statesman in his 

 native town, as oue who despised all the Chaldican arts of fortune- 

 tolling." Patuetius wrote a treatise ' On Tranquillity of Mind,' which 

 some suppose may have been made use of by Plutarch in hid work 

 bearing the same title. He wrote also a book ' On Providence,' men- 

 tioned by Cicero ('Ad Atticuin,' xiii. 8), another ' On Magistrates,' 

 and one ' On Heresies,' or sects of philosophers. His book ' On 

 Socrates,' quoted by Diogenes Laertius, and by Plutarch in his ' Life of 

 Arutidcs,' made probably a part of the last-mentioned work. Laei tius 

 and Seneca quote several opinions of 1'anictius concerning ethics and 

 metaphysics, and also physics. He argued that the torrid zone was 

 inhabited, contrary to the common opinion of his time. Seneca 

 (' Epiat.,' 116) relates his prudent and dignified reply to a young man 

 who had anked his advice on the passion of love. Fur further informa- 

 tion concerning thin dUtinguiabed philosopher of antiquity, see 

 'Duputatio Historico-Crttica do PanoHio Khodio,' by F. U. van 

 Lynden, Leyden, Ib02; and Chardon d la Rochette, ' Melanges de 

 Critique et de Puilologie,' vol. L, Paris, 1812. 



PANINI, the most celebrated of the Sanscrit grammarians, is said 

 to nave been the grandson of the inspired legislator Devala, and lived 

 at so remote an age that he is reckoned among tho fabulous sages 

 mentioned in the ' Pur&nas.' (See Colebrooke, ' Asiat. Res.,' vii., ] 

 With regard to hu death we have the following tradition in the ' Ilito- 

 padoca ': " It is related that the valuable life of Paniui was destroyed 

 by a lion." The Indians consider him as their most ancient gram- 

 marian, but his great work is confessedly derived from earlier treatises 

 on the same subject : be often quotes his predecessors SAcalya, Gargya, 

 and others ; and it appears from a pasoago in the ' Bbagavad-Gita ' 

 (nnleu the following line is an interpolation of a later age), that the 

 nomenclature of grammar existed when the great epic poem, the 

 ' Malia Bhdrato,' was composed. PAnini's grammar consists of 3996 

 abort aphorisms, or 'autras,' divided into eight books, In which the 

 rules of grammar are delivered with such oracular brevity and obscuiity 

 that they need a commentary to render them intelligible even to the 

 learned Indians. Besides the 'Carica' of Bliartrihari, a brother of 



King Vicramaditya [AUARA], there were the following treatises, written 

 expressly to illustrate it: 1, the ' lihattikavys,' which was nominally 

 a poem describing the adventures of Kama, but really a coll 

 of all the defective and anomalous forms of words in tho language 

 published at Calcutta, 1S26; 2, the ' Hsha-Bliashya,' or 'great com- 

 mentary,' by Patanjali. A new edition of Puuiui has been published 

 with the following title : ' Pauini's aclit Bucher gramuiatiscber Regeln; 

 Sanscrit mit Commentar, herausgegrben uud erltiutrrt von Dr. Otto 

 Bohtlingk,' 2 vols. 8vo, Bonn, 1839. The first volume contains the 

 Sanscrit text of Pinim's ' Sutras' with the native scholia; the second 

 volum contains an introduction, a German commentary, and indexes. 



PANI'NI (or PANNINI), GIOVANNI PAOLO, an eminent painter 

 of architecture, was boru at Piaceuza (PLicmtia), in the year 

 When prosecuting his studies at Rome, ho took peculiar pleasure in 

 designing every vestige of ancient magnificence, the ruina of the finest 

 Roman edifices, and some of those buildings which are still tho orna- 

 ments of modern Rome. He formed his style of composition ami his 

 entire manner after the works of GhidolQ, in which he was so successful 

 that he soon excelled all his contemporaries in that department of the 

 art His paintings are generally esteemed for the grandeur of the 

 architecture, the correctness of the perspective, and the clearness of 

 the colouring. His figures also are designed with taste, and cleverly 

 grouped. Frequently however his figures ore rather too large for the 

 buildings, which detracts from the grandeur of the composition. In 

 his latter time his works were distinguished by freedom and breadth 

 of touch, but in colouring and effect they are more feeble than his 

 earlier performances. He died in 1764. There are several pictures by 

 Paniui at Rivoli, a country-house belonging to the king of Sardinia, 

 representing views of that seat and the environs. 



PANVI'NIO, ONU'FllIO, was born at Verona in 1529. He took 

 at an early age the hubit of the order of St. A ugustine, and pursued his 

 studies at Rome, whence he was called to Florence in 1554 to fill tha 

 chair of theology in that city; but soon afterwards, at bis own request, 

 was superseded iu the office, and obtained leave from hU superiors to 

 visit the chief cities of Italy in order to collect inscriptions. At Venice 

 he became acquainted with Sigouio, who had been appointed professor 

 of belles lettres in that city in 1552, and who was not less enthu- 

 siastically attached than Panvinio himself to the study of antiquities. 

 The acquaintance soon ripened into a lasting friendship. At Home he 

 was patronised by Cardinal Cerviui, who in 1555 became Pope Mar- 

 cellus II., and by him Panvinio was appointed to a situation in the 

 library of the Vatican, with a salary of six gold ducats a month. Tlie 

 pope however died a short time after his election ; and Panviuio was 

 then patronised by Cardinal Farnese, who gave him apartments iu his 

 palace, admitted him to his table, and treated him iu other respects 

 with the greatest liberality. Having accompanied tho cardinal iu a 

 voyage to Sicily, he was taken ill at Palermo, and died there April 7, 

 1563, at the age of thirty-nine. 



P.mvinio was a man of great learning and indefatigable industry. 

 Niccron, in his ' Mdmoires,' mentions twenty seven of his works which 

 had been printed ; and MofTei, iu bis ' Verona Illustrata,' give* a list of 

 his manuscripts in different libraries of Italy and Gvrumuy. The most 

 important of his works ore the following, some of which were not 

 printed till after his death: 'Epitome Pontincurn Komauoruui usque 

 ad Paulum IV.,' Venice, fol., 1557; ' Viginti-sr-ptem Pontilicum 

 Romanorum Klogia et Imagines,' Rome, fol., 1563 ; 'Fasti et Triumph! 

 Komanorum a Homulo usque ad Carolum V.,' Venice, 1557, of which 

 Mader published another editiou in 1662 at Helmstadt ; ' In Fastos 

 ConsulareB Appendix ;' ' De Ludis Secularibus et Antiquis Komano- 

 rum Nominibus,' Heidelberg, fol., 1588 ; ' De Baptismate, Pascal! 

 Orik'iue, et Ritu consecrandi Agnoa Dei,' Rome, 4 to, 1500 ; 'De Sybtlli.i 

 et Carmiuibus Sybillinis,' Venice, Svo, 1567 ; ' De Triumpho Couimcn- 

 tarius,' Venice, fol. 1573, and Helmstadt, 1676, 4to, by Mader: 'Do 

 Ritu sepeliendi Mortuos apud Veteres Christiauos ct eorum Cocme- 

 teriis,' Louvain, Svo, 1572; 'De Republica Romans, Libri III.,' Venice, 

 Svo, 1681 ; 'De Bibliotheca Pontificis Vaticaua,' Tarragona, 4 to, 15S7; 

 ' De Ludis Circensibus Libri II., et de Triuiuphis Liber 1.,' Venice, 

 fol., 1600; 'Amplissirai Oruatissimique Triumphi, ex Antiquissimis 

 Lapidum Numuiorum Monumentis, &c. Descriptio,' Rome, fol., 1618; 

 'De Antiquitate et Viris Illustrious Veronic Libri "VIII.,' Padua, fol., 

 1648. Tho following treatises are contained iu the great collection of 

 Qravius, ' Thesaurus Antiquitatum Rornauarum :' ' De Civitate 

 Romana,' ' De luiperio Romano,' in vol. L ; 'Do Antiquis liomanorum 

 Nouiiuibus,' in vol. it; ' Antiquro Urbis Imago,' iu vol. iii. ; 'De Ludis 

 Circeusibus,' 'De Ludis Saxmlaribui,' and 'De Triumpho Commen- 

 tarius,' in vol. ix. His great treatise ' Do Cecrimouiis Curisc Romano:,' 

 in 11 vols. folio, Is in manuscript in the royal library at Munich. 



(Weiss, in 2liu<jra),hte Univcrielle ; Tiraboschi, Storia, ddla Lcttera- 

 ira Ilaliana, vol. vii.) 



PA'OLI, PASQUA'LE DE, was born in 1726 in the village of 

 Rostino, in tho jurisdiction of Bastia in the island of Corsica. In 1734 

 his father Giaciuto de Paoli, together with Giaffieri, was proclaimed 

 their leader against the Genoese by the revolted Corsicans, but aft. r a 

 struggle of several years, in which the adventurer Theodor figured 

 [NKUHOFF, TUEOUOK TON], Giacinto wa obliged by the French 

 auxiliaries of the Genoese to give up the content, and obtained leave 

 in 1740 to withdraw from the island with bis younger sou Pu<- 

 Clcmento tho elder son remained in Corsica. Giacinto and his son 



