657 



PAOLI, PASQUALE DE. 



PAPIRII. 



658 



wont to Naples, where the father obtained a commission in a regiment 

 formed chiefly of Corsican emigrants, and his son was placed in the 

 military college of that capital, where he studied under able masters, 

 amongst others the celebrated Genovesi. 



On leaving college young De Paoli obtained a lieutenant's commis- 

 sion in the Neapolitan service. Meantime a fresh revolt broke out in 

 Corsica, under two chiefs, Matra and Gaffori, who gave full occupation 

 to the Genoese for several years. In October 1753 Gaffori was murdered 

 by hired assassins, and the Genoese were suspected of having insti- 

 gated the crime. The Corsicans now cast their eyes upon young Paoli, 

 and invited him to come and put himself at their head. He did so, 

 and was proclaimed, in a parliament of the representatives of the people, 

 in July 1755, captain-general of the Corsicans. During twelve years 

 he baffled all the efforts of the Genoese, who lost every part of the 

 island, except the maritime towns of Bastia, Calvi, San Fiorenzo, and 

 Ajaccio, in which the Genoese garrisons were blockaded by the natives, 

 and at last the Corsicans obtained possession of Ajaccio also. But 

 Paoli had to encounter a more dangerous enemy than the Genoese, in 

 the traitors among his own countrymen, beaded by Matra, who, 

 through jealousy or bribes, or both, excited a civil war, in which he was 

 defeated and killed, and his brother was obliged to take refuge at Genoa. 



Meantime Paoli organised the island, and fixed its government and 

 administration. He formed a legislative assembly, under the name of 

 Consulta Generale,' of 500 deputies, elected by the body of the 

 people, one for each commune : the members were renewed every 

 year ; only freeholders twenty-five years old at least were qualified to 

 be returned as deputies. The executive consisted of nine members, 

 elected by the deputies. Paoli was the president of the executive, 

 with the title of ' General of the Kingdom and Chief of the Supreme 

 Magistracy of Corsica.' He had a body-guard which escorted him 

 when he went out, to protect him against any attempt at assassination; 

 but he would have no guard at the door of his apartments, trusting to 

 the fidelity of six large fierce mastiffs which watched and slept in Ms 

 room. A law of the legislative assembly forbade under severe penalties 

 any person from speaking or writing against the general or the execu- 

 tive council. In 1764 Paoli established a university in the town of 

 Corte, the professors in which were paid by the nation, and the 

 btudents taught gratuitously. The funds for the new university were 

 supplied from a tax on the parochial clergy. The military force con- 

 sisted of militia well trained to the use of arms ; Paoli could collect 

 30,000 men in case of necessity. He also formed a flotilla, with which 

 he annoyed the Genoese trade, and took possession of the island of 

 Capraia. The whole public revenue of the island did not exceed one 

 million of Hvres, or about 40,000 pounds sterling. 



In 1760 Pope Clement XIII., at the request of Paoli, sent to Corsica 

 a bishop with the title of Apostolic Visitor, iu order to regulate the 

 ecclesiastical affairs, which were in a state of confusion. This step, 

 which had something of the appearance of a recognition of the inde- 

 pendence of Corsica, greatly displeased the republic of Genoa, which 

 offered a reward of 3000 crowns to any one who should arrest the 

 bishop aud deliver him over to the Genoese authorities, forbidding at 

 the same time all subjects of the republic to obey his mandates. The 

 pope published an edict against the resolutions of the Genoese senate, 

 which he characterised as iniquitous and an insult to the apostolical 

 authority. The quarrel lasted for some years, and employed the pens 

 of jurists and controversialists on both sides. 



Genoa, despairing of ever recovering the sovereignty of Corsica, 

 resolved on giving up the island to France. This was effected by the 

 treaty of Versailles in 1768 a contract dishonourable and disgraceful 

 to both parties. Paoli loudly and eloquently appealed to all Europe 

 against tbe cession, but no one interfered in favour of Corsica. The 

 French landed a large force in Corsica, well provided with artillery 

 and ammunition, under the command of Count Marboeuf. Paoli 

 determined upon resistance, and was seconded by the whole popula- 

 tion, including the women. The Corsicans fought desperately : though 

 overwhelmed at first by superior forces, they defeated the French 

 with great slaughter on the banks of the Golo ; and again, on the 9th 

 of October 1768 they routed the main body of the enemy, commanded 

 by Marboeuf in person, with the loss of two thousand men. In the 

 following year large reinforcements came to the French from Toulon 

 under General de Vaux. In May 1769 a general battle took place, in 

 which the Corsicana, after fighting bravely, were completely routed 

 near Pontenuovo. The French entered Corte, and overran the whole 

 island. Most of the communes submitted to the conquerors. Paoli, 

 with many followers, retired to Portovecchio, from whence he sailed 

 in an English vessel for Leghorn, where he was kindly received by the 

 grand-duke Leopold. Paoli afterwards repaired to England, where he 

 remained till 1789, when Mirabeau moved in the National Assembly 

 the recall of all the Corsican patriots who had bravely fought for the 

 independence of their country. 



Paoli repaired to Paris, where he was received with acclamations, 

 and in the hall of the Assembly he promised fidelity to France under 

 the new oHer of things. He was presented to Louis XVI., who made 

 him lieutenant-general and military commandant in Corsica. He was 

 received in his native island with the greatest enthusiasm, and was 

 placed at tho head of the national guard. Paoli acted faithfully 

 towards the constitutional monarchy of France; but when the violent 

 revolutionists overthrew that monarchy, ho drew back, and separated 



BIOO. I>IV. VOL. IV. 



himself from the French party. His nature, sincere and steady of 

 purpose, recoiled from the injustice, the oppression, and the immo- 

 rality of the Convention. He was soon accused before that Assembly, 

 and his name was placed on the lists of proscription. Paoli now saw 

 it was high time to declare himself. He assembled his countrymen, 

 by whom he was appointed general-in-chief and president of the council 

 of government. At the first declaration of war between England and 

 France, he applied to the English commanders iu the Mediterranean, 

 and, with their assistance, drove the French garrisons out of the island. 

 Soon after, a deputation of the cousulta proceeded to London to offer 

 the crown of Corsica to the King of Great Britain. The offer was 

 accepted, and most Corsicans thought that Paoli would have been 

 appointed viceroy, but Sir Gilbert Eliot was named to that office. This 

 and some subsequent disagreements made it desirable for Paoli to 

 leave the island, in order not to give a pretence for civil dissensions. 

 Having recommended his countrymen to remain firm in their allegiance 

 to the British crown, as their only means of salvation, ho returned to 

 England, where he lived in retirement for several years on a pension 

 which the British government allowed him. He died near London in 

 February 1807. A monument, with his bust and an inscription, was 

 raised to his memory in Westminster Abbey. 



The biography of Paoli has been written by Pommereul in an 

 hostile and unfair spirit : Boswell, on the contrary, has written a kind 

 of panegyric with his usual commonplace enthusiasm. Pompei, in his 

 ' Etat de la Corse,' Paris, 1821, gives the best account of the particulars 

 of Paoli's life. Botta, in his 'Storia d'ltalia,' book 46, gives a copious 

 narrative of Paoli's career in Corsica. A volume of Paoli's letters has 

 been published, which, with his spirited manifestoes, are his only 

 literary remains. 



PAOLO SARPI. [PAUL, FATHER.] 



PAOLO VERONESE. [CAGLIARI.] 



PA'PIAS, one of the early Christian writers in the Greek language, 

 was bishop of Hierapolis in Asia at the beginning of the 2nd century. 

 According to Cave, he flourished iu the year 110, according to others 

 in 115 or 116. He wrote five books, entitled ' An Explication of the 

 Words (or Oracles) of the Lord,' which are now lost. In a passage of 

 this work which is quoted by Eusebius, Papias professes to have taken 

 great pains to gain information respecting Christianity from those who 

 had known the apostles, and some remarkable statements of his 

 respecting the apostles and evangelists are still preserved. According 

 to Irenaeus, he was himself a hearer of John and a companion of Poly- 

 carp. He is said by Eusebius to have been a Millennarian, and a man 

 of little mind, "as appears," says Eusebius, "from his own writings." 

 (Eusebius, Hist. Ecc., iii. 39 ; Cave, Hist. Lit., under 'Papias; ' Larduer.) 



PAPINIA'NUS, ^EMI'LIUS, was a pupil of the jurist Q. Cervidius 

 Scaevola at the same time with Septimius Severus, afterwards emperor. 

 Under the emperor Marcus Aurelius he held the office of advoeatus 

 fisci, iu which he succeeded S. Severus. After Severus became 

 emperor, Papinian was his libellorum rnagister, and prajfectus prfetorio. 

 Paulus informs us that he had given an opinion before Papiuiau in his 

 auditorium. ('Dig.,' 20, tit. 5, s. 12; 'Dig.,' 12, tit. 1, s. 40.) 



Severus was always on intimate terms with Papinian, aud at his 

 death recommended to him hi* two sons Caracalla and Geta. Cara- 

 calla murdered his brother, and shortly after put to death Papinian, 

 together with Papinian's son, who was quaestor. The cause of this 

 execution is only obscurely stated ('Spart., Sever.,' c. 21; 'Anton. 

 Carac.,' c. 8.) ; but it appears that the rigid morality of Papiuian was 

 shocked by the brutal conduct of Caracalla, and that he showed his 

 disapprobation of this unnatural act. 



Few Koman jurists were held in higher estimation than Papinian, 

 and he is often cited in the most houourable manner both by the 

 historians (' Spart., Sever.,' c. 21) and iu various parts of the code 

 ('Cod.' 5, tit. 71, s. 14, &c.). Justinian ('Const, ad Antecess.') iu the 

 course of study which he laid down after the completion of the 

 ' Institutes,' ' Digest,' and ' Code,' in speaking of the third year's 

 course of study, makes special mention of Papinian. The twentieth, 

 twenty-first, and twenty-second books of the 'Digest' were enjoined 

 to be read in place ' acutissimi Papiuiani ; ' the name ' Papiuianistse ' 

 was still to bo retained by the students of the third year, and the 

 festival formerly celebrated on the occasion of commencing his work, it 

 was declared, should be solemnly kept as usual, in order that the 

 memory of the great Papinian might be for ever preserved. The 

 ' Digest ' contains extracts from his thirty-seven books of ' Qujestiones, ' 

 his nineteen books of ' Besponsa,' and fragments from his two books 

 of ' Definitiones,' his two books on ' Adulteria,' aud a single book on 

 ' Adulteria ; ' also from a Greek fragment, entitled ix TO! SurTuvofuicou 

 /j.ovopi0\ov TOU Hawicu/ov, that is, 'On the duty of the ^Ediles in 

 Rome aud the Municipia.' Papiniau is chiefly quoted by Paulus aud 

 Ulpian, and sometimes also by Marcian. 



PAPI'RII, the name of a patrician and plebeian gens in ancient 

 Rome, who were formerly called Papisii. (' Cic., Ad Fam.,' ix. 21.) 

 This gens was divided into several families, such as the Mugil- 

 lani, Crassi, Cursores, and Massones; and the most celebrated of 

 the different individuals of these families was Li'cius PAPIRIUS 

 CURSOR, the grandson of L. Papirius Cursor, who was ceusor in the 

 year in which Rome was taken by the Gauls ('Liv.,' ix. 34), and 

 son of Spurius Papirius Cursor, who was military tribune iu B.C. 

 379 ('Liv.,' vi. 27.) We first road of L. Papirius Cursor as master 



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