

PAREJA, JUAN DE. 



PARINI, CM I'l'l'l- 



tlia career of arm*, ho accompanied his father to tbe war of linuiada 

 (1485), and w.s present at tbe taking of Eaxa, Velez, and Malaga from 

 the Moon. | FEHDISASD.] It was then that he became acquainted 

 with the celebrated Qonzalo de Cordova, under whom he afterwardi 



in Italy. Shortly after the taking of Granada (1492), which 

 pat an end to the Moorish war, Paredes, who bad retired to his 

 native town, determined to repair to Italy, thru the theatre of war ; 

 but u he hid neither horse nor armour, he stole those of a cousin of 

 his, and secretly left his father's house. Scarcely however had he pro- 

 ceeded a few mile* on his way, when he was overtaken and attacked 

 by seven of his cousin's squires, of whom he killed two, wounded two 

 more, and put the remainder to flight On arriving at Rome, he was 

 well received by the Pope (Alexander VI.), who gave him a high com- 

 mand in his army. He served that pontiff with great seal until 1499, 

 when ho left his service and enlisted under the banners of the Great 

 Captain, who with a powerful fleet sailed towards the Morea. He was 

 present at the taking of Cephalonia from the Turks (June 1501), and 

 was made prisoner in a sortie of the garrison, but he soon succeeded 

 in extricating himself from tho hands of the enemy. War having 

 broken out (July 1502) between the French and the Spaniards, who 

 contended for the possession of the kingdom of Naples [FEIIDINAKD ; 

 Louis XII.], Parades rendered most important services by his military 

 akill and his undaunted courage. At the celebrated pass of arms of 

 T rani, he was one of the eleven Spanish champions who entered the 

 lists, and, though debilitated by the wounds he had received on a 

 former occasion, ho alone unboned three of the antagonists. At tho 

 storming of Ruvo (February 1503) he led the scaling party, and was 

 the first on the ramparts. He also distinguished himself at Cerignola, 

 where he commanded the centra of the Spanish army, and signalised 

 himself by descending alone on tho bridge against a body of French 

 knights, all completely armed, and contending successfully with them, 

 until be was rescued by a party of his own men. According to 

 Mariana (book ii. lib. 29, cap. 4), Parades, hating been, shortly after the 

 death of the Great Captain (December 1515), deprived of his estates 

 by the restoration made to the Angevin lords, endeavoured to repair 

 his broken fortunes by driving the trade of a corsair in tho Levant. 

 However this may be, Paredrs continued to serve in Italy. He was 

 present at tbe sieges of Verona and Vicenza, and also at the cele- 

 brated battle of Pavia (1525), where Francis I. was taken prisoner. 



[CHABLES V.] 



Parades died in 1530, at the age of 64. He always lived in great 

 intimacy with Qonzalo, whose brilliant qualities he appreciated, being 

 one of his most zealous supporters when he fell into disgrace. Having 

 one day, while in the presence of Ferdinand , overheard two noblemen 

 peak slightly of his general, Paredes threw his gauntlet on a table, 

 and said, " Whosoever asserts that the Great Captain is not the king's 

 best vassal, let him pick up this." 



Paredes wrote a short but highly interesting account of his own 

 military campaigns and exploits, which is printed at the end of the 

 ' Cronica del Gran Capitan.' (Paulo Jovio, Vila Illiul. Ftrorum, Bari, 

 1S78; Guicciardini, litoria cC Italia, vol. i., lib. 6; Cronica del Gran 

 n, AlcaU, 1584 ; Zurita, Anala till Jleyno de Arayon, voL iv.; 

 i Miutana, tpa*ole* Cflibrtt, vol. i.) 



PAKE'JA, JUAN DE, born in 1610, U remarkable not only for an 

 extraordinary love of the art of painting, but for having acquired a 

 great degree of excellence while in a low and abject condition of life. 

 He was a mestizo, that is, born in tho West Indies, and the son of 

 Spanish father by an Indian woman : he became a slave of the cele- 

 brated Velasquez, who employed him to grind colours. 



He spent whole nights in drawing, and almost denied himself rest 

 and sleep, imitating, as may be supposed, the manner of Velasquez. 

 He was however under perpetual fear of being discovered by his 

 master ; till at length he hit on an ingenious mode of disclosing his 

 secret. Having observed that Philip, king of Spain, who frequently 

 honoured Velasquez by visiting him, always ordered any paintings 

 which were placed with their faces to the wall, to be turned, Pareja 

 placed a picture of his own in that position ; the king, as he expected, 

 unlered it to be turned. He expressed his admiration of it to 

 Velasqu- , who however was taken by surprise, and declared that he 

 knew nothing of it On this Pareja fell on his knees and begged the 

 king to obtain bis pardon of his master for having presumed to 

 practise the art without his permission. Philip, being much pleased 

 at this address and admiring a work produced under such singular 

 circumstance*, told Velasquez that a man who showed so fine a genius 

 and possessed such UlenU ought no longer to be a slave. Velasquez, 

 of course, immediately emancipated him. But ho never quitted his 

 master, and after the death of Velasquez continued to serve his 

 daughter with the most grateful fidelity. 



He was especially successful in painting portraits, which in style, 

 colouring, and handling so exactly resembled the works of his master, 

 that we are assured they could not be distinguished from them, lie 

 died in 1670. 



PARENT-DUCHATELET, ALEXAXDKK-JEAN-BAPTISTE, 

 was born at Paris on tbe 29th of September 1790. His father held an 

 office under government which had been in the family for upwards of 

 three centuries. At tbe birth of Alexandra he was possessed of con- 

 siderable wealth, but the changes that occurred during the Revolu- 

 tion seriously affected bis circumstances, and he retired to a house in 



the country called Chatelet, about a league from Montargis. Hera 

 Alexandra, who was the eldest of five, win brought up with little 

 further assistance in bis education than could be given by his mother, 

 who was an amiable and accomplished woman. He was however fond 

 of study, and early exhibited a taste for natural history by collecting 

 the insects and birds of the neighbourhood. 



At the ago of seventeen be was sent to Pari", where he commenced 

 tbe study of medicine. In 1814 he took the degree of doctor of 

 medicine, and commenced practice in Paris. He became early dis- 

 satisfied with the practice of medicine, and directed bis attention to 

 pathology. One of the earliest works which he published was a 

 valuable monograph upon inflammation of the arachnoid membrane. 

 In this work he was assisted by M. Martinet; tho title is ' Recherchea 

 Mir ('Inflammation de I'Araehnoide ccrubralo et spiuole, ou llistoire 

 thuorique et pratique de 1 'Arachnitis,' Paris, 8vo, 1821. The mind of 

 the author was however shortly after directed, through the influence 

 of Hallo 1 , to the subject of public health, and from the period that he 

 first thought on this subject to the day of his death, he devoted all 

 the energies of bis mind to it. From 1S21 to 13<5 he published 

 twenty-nine memoirs and papers on various questions relating to 

 public health. One of his firet efforts on this subject was a series of 

 researches directed to discover the cause of a disease which had 

 occurred on board a vessel which was conveying pouilrette across the 

 seas. Parent examined tho manufacture of this unbalance, which 

 consists of animal and vegetable matters which have been collected 

 from the drains and sewers of Paris, and, being exposed to the sun 

 and air, are allowed to dry. In this state it is used as a iiminir . 1 1 

 was the fermentation of this substance, in conjunction with moisture, 

 that had produced the disease, and Parent recommended that in future 

 platter of Paris should be mixed with it, which prevented the recur- 

 rence of such catastrophes. 



His next work won upon the common sewers of Pari.', entiled ' Easai 

 BUT les Cloaques ou Egouts de la Ville de Paris, envisages sous le 

 Rapport de 1'Hygiene Publique et de la Topographic MiMicale de cello 

 Ville,' 1'aria, 8vo, 1 824. Parent-Duchatelet here displayed the peculiar 

 aptitude of his mind for the investigation of subjects which others 

 regard with natural abhorrence. He not only made inquiries into 

 the state of the health of tho workmen employed in cleansing these 

 places, and obtained from them much important information, but be 

 entered with them the places of their noisome occupation, and, from 

 diligent personal inspection and experience, reported on their condition 

 and nature. Shortly after the publication of this work, Parent was 

 appointed on a commission to superintend the emptying of one of 

 these common sewers (cgoute) which had been blocked up for years, 

 and which threatened to generate fever of tbe worst kind. Under liis 

 direction this place was cleansed without the loss of life to a single 

 workman, and without any evil results. 



He subsequently contributed largely to the 'Annales d'Hygioue 

 Publique et de Medicine Legalo.' In this work will be found reports 

 and papers by him on the influence on the health of workmen and 

 the public, of tobacco manufactories, of pyroligneous-acid factories, of 

 employments requiring immersion of the feet in cold water; of bury- 

 ing the dead in cities ; of putrid emanations from dead animals and 

 vegetables, of dissecting-rooms, &c. He also published a work on tho 

 progress of cholera, and a history of its ravages in Paris. His greatest 

 work, and that which ino-t displays the iudustry and character of the 

 man, is that on prostitution in the city of Paris. It was published 

 after bis death, edited by F. Leuret, with the title- ' De Li Prostitution 

 dans la Villo de Paris consideree sous le Rapport de 1' Hygiene Pub- 

 IKjue, do la Morale, et de 1' Administration,' Paris, 2 vols, Svo, 1838. 



Parent-Duchatelet died of inflammation of tho lungs,' on the 7th of 

 March 1836. Few men have led a life of greater usefulness, and bin 

 labours have assisted in laying the foundation of those systems of 

 medical police which, when properly conducted, are undoubtedly the 

 most important institutions of a civilised community. (Leuret, Xuticc 

 iqtu, tur A. J. B. Parcnt-DuchdteUt,) 



PAIU'M, 01USKITK, one of the best and most popular Italian 

 poets of the 18th century, was born in the district of Uosisio near the 

 lake of Pasiano, in tbe Milanese territory, May 22, 1729. His father, 

 though poor, was anxious to bestow upon him a good education, and 

 for that purpose removed to Milan. He was however obliged to seek 

 to support himself at an early ago, by copying, and it wag only in the 

 intervals of his employment that he could study the best writers, 

 both Latin and Italian. In compliance with the wishes of his fi 

 he published a volume of poetry, at the age of twenty-three ; which 

 procured for him admission into the Accadeinia dei Tnmsforinati at 

 Milan, and that of tbe Arcadians at Rome. He was successively 

 engaged as tutor in tho IJorromei and Serbelloni families. In 1763 be 

 published tbe ' Mattino,' tho first part of his celebrated poem ' II 

 Giorno ;' which be bod been induced to do by Count Firmian, then 

 Austrian minister of Louibardy, who after employing him some time 

 in editing a gazette, appointed him professor of belles-lettres in tho 

 Palatine schools ('scuole palatine') at Milan, and, on the suppression 

 of the Jesuits, promoted him to the professorship of eloquence at the 

 college of the Brers, His lectures, which were printed, were as favour- 

 ably received as were those which he afterwards gave on tho fine arts ; 

 aii'l both of them contributed materially to disseminate an improved 

 taste. After tbe death of his patron Count Firmian, cabals were 



