- 



PATKRSOX, WILLIAM. 



PATRICK. 





elf with tolerable fairness concerning the mil wan, until he comes 

 to hli own times, when he adopt* a laudatory style towards the 

 existing powers. His diction is elegant and fluent. Tbo work of 

 Paterculus has been often printed. The Bipont edition, 1780, with 

 Doil well's ' Annales Velleiani,' is a useful edition ; but a still better, 

 perhap*, is that of Kuhnken, Lugd. 1789; reprinted by Frottcher, 

 Lips. 1630 39. 



PATERSON, WILLIAM. Of the early history of this man, who 

 originated several celebrated projects, little is known. By eomo 

 accounts he is said to have been brought up to the clerical profession, 

 to have been Bent as a miaiionary to the AVest Indies, and to have 

 subsequently become a buccaneer. In the account however of the 

 pariah of Tinwald, Dumfries-shire, in the first volume of the old 

 Statistical Account of Scotland, it is asserted that ho was bom at Skip- 

 myro in that pari.-h about the year 1660, that be was respectably 

 connected, and that he more than once sat for Dumfries-shire in the 

 parliament of Scotland. Whatever may be bis early history, he must 

 have had ample opportunities of making himself acquainted with the 

 commerce and institutions of foreign countries, and he was probably 

 an extensive traveller. His schemes regarding banking and trading 

 projects are said to have been first offered to the mercantile com- 

 munities in the Low Countries, and to have been coldly received. He 

 subsequently laid his plans before the merchants of London, and it 

 seems to be nowhere doubted that they were the foundation of the 

 project of the Bank of England, incorporated in 1694. From the 

 rapidity with which the scheme was brought into a working shape, it 

 may be conjectured that very little alteration was made on the original 

 suggestions of I'aterson. It does not appear that the inventor was 

 for any length of time practically connected with the working of the 

 institution. It is usually said that the rich capitalists, once possessed 

 of his ideas, quarrelled with him, set him adrift, and managed his 

 project for their own peculiar advantage. It is probable however 

 that I'aterson, though so able a schemer, was a bad practical man of 

 business ; that his invention was perpetually on the wing, and that 

 he could not fettle down to the routine of business with much 

 advantage either to himself or to others. 



His next project, if it was not conceived at the same time as that 

 of the Bank, was the renowned Darien expedition. Scotland was at 

 that time filled with active and enterpriniog spirits, who, by the two 

 kingdoms being under one crown, had lost much of that department 

 of foreign service which their ancestors had held in states at war with 

 England. There was an earnest dtsire to rival England in commerce 

 and manufactures, and in colonies, of which Scotland was not pre- 

 viously possessed. An act of the Scottish parliament was passed on 

 the 26th of June 1695, incorporating certain persons by name, of 

 whom Paterson was one, with powers to add to their number, to be 

 called ' The Company of Scotland trading to Africa and the Indies.' 

 Very important privileges, both in connection with foreign trade and 

 with the institution* of the country, were conferred on the members. 

 The company raised a large subscription in England. Its progress 

 roused the English jealousy of trade, and after some representations 

 by the East India Company and other bodies, both houses of parlia- 

 ment presented an address to King William, in which they stated, 

 ' that by reason of the superior advantages granted to the Scottish 

 East India Company, and the duties imposed upon the Indian trade in 

 England, a great part of the stock and shipping of this nation would 

 be carried thither, by which means Scotland would be rendered a free 

 port, and Europe from thence supplied with the products of the Kost 

 much cheaper than through them, and thus a great article in the 

 balance of foreign commerce would be lost to England, to the pre- 

 judice of the national navigation and the royal revenue." In fact, 

 under the guise of a company having a monopoly, Paterson's plan 

 would have developed itself, had it come into full operation, as a 

 nutlriui of free trade ; and its opponents rather felt how unable they 

 would be to compete with this untrammelled community, than saw in 

 its constitution any general principle of superiority to the restrictive 

 commercial syttvm with which they were connected. "We do hereby 

 publish and declare," lays the first proclamation of the company, 

 " that all manner of persona, of what nation or people soever, arc and 

 shall from henceforward be equally free, and alike capable of the said 

 properties, privileges, protection*, and immunities, and rights of 

 government granted unto us ; and the merchants and merchant-ships 

 of all nations may freely come to >nd trade with us without being 

 liable in their persons and good* to any manner of capture, confiscation, 

 seisure, forfeiture, attachment, arrest, restraint, or prohibition, for or 

 by reason of any embargo, breach of the peace, letter of marque, or 

 .', declaration of war with any foreign prince, potentate, or state, 

 or upon any other account or pretence whatsoever. And we hereby 

 not only grant, concede, and declare a general and equal freedom of 

 gov< mm cut and trade to these of all nations who shall hereafter be of 

 or concerned with us, but also a full and free liberty of conscience in 

 matters of religion." 



In contemplation of a company conducted on such principles, the 

 two houes of the KnglL-h parliament represented that " the privilege* 

 granted their company would render their country the general store- 

 house for tobacco, sugar, cotton, hides, and timber ; the low rates at 

 which they would be enabled to carry on their manufactures would 

 render it impossible for the English to compete with them." King 



William was induced to discountenance the undertaking, and the pro- 

 jectors were deprived of all aid, not only from England but from foreign, 

 speculators. This only made the scheme a more truly national object, 

 and all the disposable wealth of Scotland was speedily embarked in it. 

 The main scheme of the company was to establish a colony at 1 

 when I'aterson believed that it would be in the middle of the highway 

 of the world, and form the emporium whore the commerce of th'e East 

 would meet that of the west With all due respect for the principles 

 on which the commerce was to be conducted, it may be quest!' : 

 the place possessed all the peculiar advantages which he attributed to 

 it, especially at a time when regular commercial enterprise had. made 

 so comparatively little progress over the globe. The expedition set 

 out on the 2'Jth of July 1698 ; its disastrous results may be found 

 recorded in the ordinary histories of the period, and particularly in 

 Sir John Dolrymple's Memoirs. Patcrson was ambitious, but not 

 mercenary, and in the palmy days of the company he hod resigned 

 the profits which those confident of its success had assigned to him. 

 The failure of the expedition preyed deeply ou his spirits, and grief 

 and , disappointment brought him, during his return home, to the 

 borders of lunacy. He lived subsequently a life of obscurity, and the 

 period of his death is not recorded. 



'PATON, JOSEPH NOEL, was born at Dunfermlin 

 in 1823 ; and received his education as an artist at the Koyal Scottish 

 Academy, and we believe the Koyal Academy, London. He first 

 became known to the public by his cartoon of ' The Spirit of Heligiou,' 

 which obtained one of the three premiums of 2002., awarded at the 

 cartoon competition in Westminster Hall, 1845. In 1847 the Fine 

 Arts Commissioners awarded him a second class prizo of 300/. at the 

 Westminster Hall competition for his oil-paintings of ' Christ bearing 

 the Cross,' and ' Reconciliation of Oberon and Titania ; ' but he was 

 not in consequence of these successes called upou to execute any 

 work for the New Houses of Parliament. Mr. Paton resides at 

 Edinburgh, and is regarded by his countrymen as one of the most 

 promising of their rising painters. The following arc among his prin- 

 cipal pictures : ' Quarrel of Oberon and Titania,' purchased for the 

 Scottish National (Jullery; 'Dante meditating the episode of Fran- 

 ceses, 1 1852; 'The Dca.l l.ady,' 1854; ' The Pursuit of Pleasure,' 1855; 

 and ' Home,' which was exhibited at the Koyal Academy in 1856, and 

 was generally regarded as the best of the sentimental class of pointings 

 called forth by the recent war and its termination. 



PATRICK, ST., the apostle of Ireland, was born, according to 

 Usher and Tillemont, in the year 372. The formtr places his death 

 in 493, but Tillemont about 4 54. Nennius says he died fifty-seven 

 years before the birth of St. Columba, consequently in 464. 



The two principal ancient Lives of St. Patrick are, that compiled by 

 Jocclin, a Cistercian monk, in the 12th century, who quotes four Lives 

 written by disciples of the saint ; and that by Probus, who, according 

 to the Bollandist", lived in the 7th century. In both, legendary tales 

 are intermixed. The chief authentic information we posses concern- 

 ing this saint is obtained from bis own writings, his 'Confession,' 

 and a letter which he addressed to Corotic, a prince in some part of 

 Wales, after the Britons had been abandoned by the Romans, who 

 made a descent upon Ireland during St. Patrick's mission to that 

 country. From the ' Confession,' we learn that he was born in a 

 village called lionaven Tabciuia?, supposed to be the town of Kil- 

 patrick at the mouth of the Clyde in Scotland, between Dumbarton 

 and Glasgow. He calls himself both a Briton and a Roman, meaning 

 of mixed extraction ; and says his father was of a good family, named 

 Calphuruiu?. His mother was Concha, or Conchessa, who, according 

 to some writer?, was niece to St. Martin of Tours. According to 

 Nennius, St. Patrick's original name was Maur ; that of Patricias was 

 given to him by Pope Celestine when he consecrated him a bishop, 

 and sent him as a missionary into Ireland in 433. 



Jones, in his ' Historical Account of the Welsh Bards,' folio, Lond., 

 1794, p. 13, says St. Patrick was born in the vale of Rhos in Pembroke- 

 shire. His festival is marked on the 1 7th of March in the ' Marty rology ' 

 .,! I 1 ,.- !... 



(Ada Sanctorum of the Bollaudists, ' Month of March,' vol. ii., 

 pp. 617-692; Butler, Livet of the Sainti, Svo, Dublin, vol. iii., pp. 176- 

 186, 1779.) 



PATRICK, SIMON, a prelate of the English Church, distinguished 

 as tbo author of many excellent works in practical divinity and expo- 

 sitory theology, was born in 1626. He was a native of the town of 

 Gainsborough, educated in Queen's College, Cambridge, and the chief 

 scene of his public labours as a clergyman was the pariah of St. Paul's, 

 Covcut Garden, of which he was rector till higher preferment was 

 bestowed upon him : he became Dean of Peterborough in 1679, Bishop 

 of Chichester in 1689, and Bishop of Ely in 1691. He died in 1707. 



The titles of his writing* will show at once their nature and tendency 

 to have been to promote Christian piety and to foster the spirit of 

 devotion. In their day they were much esteemed, and they are still 

 valued as among the best helps to devotion : ' Heart's Ease, ' Parable 

 of the Pilgrim,' ' Exposition of the Ten Commandments,'* Tin- Fi -i< -i.dly 

 Debate,' ' The Christian Sacrifice,' ' The Devout Christian,' ' Advice to 

 a Friend,' ' Jesus and thu Resurrection justified,' ' The Glorious 

 Epiphany.' Besides these there ore his ' Paraphrase ' and ' Comments ' 

 ou the books of the Old Testament, which have been several times 

 reprinted. These writing* are the foundation of Bishop Patrick's 



