PAUL OP SAMOSATA. 



PAUL III. (OP ROME). 



a very considerable and moot important part of the New 

 Testara <nl They abow him to be a man of great genius and great 

 abilitie*; of dear conception, fervid imigination. lofty intellect, and 

 a large and liberal heart. His atyle ia strong and animated ; unla- 

 bourad and without artifice in iu ooaitrnotiou ; often bnk-n and 

 abrupt; it abounda in transition*, and brief and rapid allusion to 

 ^li^ing errors, practices, and habits of thought, from which he draws 

 the most apt illustrations. He addresses, by turns, the intellect, the 

 imagination, the passions, the heart He unites a severe logic with 

 the noblest eloquence. The loftiest truths are made subservient to 

 the moat sober, pure, and rational morality ; a morality essentially 

 and admirably adapted to human character and human 

 inces. If he exhorts, it i* with intense earnestness ; if he 

 it is iu the spirit of sympathy and kindness ; and whether 

 ho* reasons, or advises, or admonishes, or consoles, a manly gravity and 

 seriousness pervade his thought*. Full of the dignity and grandeur 

 of his subject, his ideas flow from him with irresistible rapidity ; and 

 born* along by the sublimity of bis theme, and the vastness of his 

 conception', he stays not to arrange his words and adorn his periods. 

 His arguments carry conviction to the mind of his reader ; sometimes 

 disclosing in a few words the profouiidast views of Christian truth. 

 His appeal* to the passions are equally effective. Hope and fear are 

 important springs of human action ; to these he addresses himself, as 

 well as to the reason ; not by cold speculation on abstract fitnesses, but 

 by the solemn infallibilities of a resurrection from the dead to an 

 of happiness or misery. With a like mastery and success he 

 the attentions and the higher moral faculties. Though dis- 

 the " enticing words of man's wisdom," he could, when the 

 required it, use the arts and display the accomplishment* of 

 the rhetorician. His speeches in the Acts of the Apostles are worthy 

 of the Roman senate; and hi* answers, when at the bar, to the 

 question* proposed to him by the c mrt, ore distinguished for their 

 address and their dignity. At the same time, wherever he happened 

 to be, whether amoug the Jews in Pisidia, or the Gentiles at Lystra, 

 or the polished Greeks at Athens, or pleading before Felix and Agrippa, 

 hi* discourses are adapted with admirable judgment and ability to the 

 character and capacities of his several au'iiencea. On the subject of 

 St. Paul's writings, see Or. Harwood, Michaelis, and Bishop Newton ; 

 and especially the very valuable ' Life and Epistles of St. Paul ' by 

 Conybeare and Howson. 



There is a tradition in the Church that Paul was beheaded near 

 Rome, and buried about two miles from the city, in the Via Ostieneis ; 

 and a magnificent cathedral, dedicated to hi* memory, was built over 

 his supposed grave by Constantine. 



PAUL OF SAMO'SATA was chosen Bishop of Antioch in A.D. 260. 

 In consequence of being supposed to hold heterodox opinions con- 

 cerning the person of Christ, a synod was assembled at Autioch about 

 264 to inquire into hig sentiments. After holding several meetings, 

 this synod wa* unable to extract from Paul an avowal of his suspected 

 hofotiosi In the year 269 another synod was convened on this business, 

 OOMsiting of a large numb, r of buhops, at which Malchion, a rheto- 

 rician ana presbyter of the church at Autiocb, succeeded in convicting 

 Paul of the erroneous opinions imputed to him. He was excommuni- 

 cated by this synod, which wrote on epistle to Dionynius, bishop of 

 Rome, and to the churches of the empire, giving the reasons for their 

 decision. Fragment* of this epistle have been preserved by Eusebius. 

 Though deprived of hi* bishopric, Paul refused (probably under the 

 protection of Zonobia, who i* known to have favoured him) to give up 

 " the house of the church" till the year 272 or 273, when the bishops 

 who had excommunicated him applied to the Emperor Aurelian, who 

 compelled Paul to yield. It is probable that he continued after this 

 to propagate hi* doctrines. His follower* formed a sect under the 

 name of Paulians or PauliauUta, which serins to have lasted to the 

 6th century. They were condemned by the Council of Nice, who 

 ordered those baptised among them to be re-baptised. 



The account* we have of hi* doctrines are not very clear. The 

 synodical epuile of the council which <lpose>i him speaks less of them 

 than of hi* personal character, which is represent e I as marked by 

 pride snd arrogance, haughtinea* in the exercise of his authority, and 

 great love of pomp and display. He held some secular office together 

 with hi* bishopric. The following statement of his opinion* by 

 liosbeim appears, M far as we have the mean* of judging, to be 

 tularably cornet : " That the Son and the Holy Ghost exist in God, 

 in the same manner as the faculties of reason and activity do in man ; 

 that Christ wa* born a mere man; but that the reason or wisdom o! 

 the Kather descended into him, and by him wrought miracle* upon 

 earth, and instructed the nation* ; and, finally, that on account of this 

 union of the divine Word with the man Jesus, Christ might, though 

 improperly, be called God" 



PAUL "THE OKACOX, or PAULUS DIA'CONUS. called also 



WARNKf itim.s from bis father's name, wa* born about 740 at tbo town 

 of Friuli (Forum Julii). He became attached to the court of Kachis, 

 king of the Lombards, and afterward* (about 763) he left the court, 

 ana wa* ordained deacon of the church at Aquileia. He returned to 

 the court on the invitation of Uesiderius, successor of Rachis, by whom 

 he was made chancellor. About the part of his life which followed 

 the overt). row of the kingdom of Deaideriu* by Charlemagne in 774, 

 we know nothing for certain ; but the most probable account ia, that 



ae retired to a monastery, and afterward* entered the celebrated 

 monastery of Monte Caiino, whence he addressed to Charlemagne iu 

 the year 7S1 an elegy, in which he implores th* release of a brother 

 who ha'l been taken prisoner in the Lombard war. About thin time 

 Charlemagne appears to have attached him to bit court. He was 

 employed to instruct in Greek the clergymen who were to accompany 

 the emperor'* daughter Kotriide in her journey to Constantinople to 

 be married to the son of the Empress Irene. Paul vUitod France, and 

 stayed some time at Metz, of the early bishops of which city be wrote 

 a history. He afterward* returned to Monte Casino, where ho died 

 about the year 799. 



As a poet, Paul is spoken of in the most extravagant terms of praise 

 by his contemporary Peter of Pisa, HU poems, which are really good, 

 consist chiefly of hymns and other short pieces in Latin. His fame 

 roots however chiefly on his merits aa on historian. His works wera : 

 1 . ' Historia Miscella.' a Roman history consisting of twenty-four books, 

 of which the first eleven contain the hi-tory of Eutropiu* ; the next 

 five, by Paul himself, contain the period from the reign of Valentinian 

 to that of Justinian ; the remaining books are attributed to Lantiuluhus 

 Sagax. The best edition of this work is in M urn tori's ' Keruin Itali- 

 caruin Scriptorea,' 2. ' De Gestis Longobardarum Libri Sex,' a history 

 of the Lombards : bis most valuable work. This is also contained in 

 Muratori's collection. 3. ' Qesia EpUcoporum Metensium.' 4. ' Life 

 of St. Gregory the Great.' 5. ' Excerpta' from Festua, 'De Verborum 

 SUuificatione.' [FuiTUs.] There are also extant a collection of houiilie* 

 and two sermons which are attributed to him. 



PAUL THE SILENTIARV, the son of Cyrus and grandson of 

 Florus, was of a noble family and possessed of great wealth. He held 

 in the palace of Justinian the office of chief of the Silentiarii, a class 

 of persona who had the care of the emperor'* palace. When the 

 church of St. Sophia at Constantinople was rebuilt by Justinian in 

 562, Paul wrote a description (or (itQpaais) of the edifice, in 1 026 Greek 

 hexameters, with a prcetnium consisting of 134 iambic verse*. It is 

 evident from this poem that ho was a Christian. The work was edited, 

 with notes and a Latin translation, by Ducang-, Paris, 1670 ; the text 

 edited by Bekker is contained in the Bonn edition of the ' Byzantine 

 Historians,' 1837, with a second part, consisting of 275 hexameters 

 and a proamium of 29 iambics, not included in the edition of Ducange. 

 Paul was also the author of a poem entitled Eis TO i tluOioii Sipn*, and 

 of several epigrams, which are included in the Greek Anthology. 

 (Fabricii, Bibliullieca Graca, ed. Harles, iv. 487, viL 581.) 



PAUL I. succeeded Stephen III. in the see of Koine A.D. 757. He 

 was involved in disputes with the Longobard king Desiderius, and 

 sought the protection of Pepin, king of the Franks. He died iu the 

 year 768. 



PAUL II., a Venetian by birth, succeeded Pius II. in 1464. Ho 

 began by correcting abuses, and checking the exactions of the officers 

 and secretaries of the Papal court, who levied contributions at pleasure 

 from those who had occasion to apply to Rome for licences, res 

 and other official papers. He endeavoured also to form a league of 

 the Christian princes against the Turks, who threatened Italy ; and 

 for this purpose he proclaimed, in 146S a general peace among the 

 Italian governments, threatening with excommunication those who 

 did not observe it. Paul, in 1471, gave to Borso of Este the investi- 

 ture of Kerrnra with tin; title of duke as a feudatory of the see of 

 Rome. [EsTE, HOUSE or.] An academy hod boen formed at Rome 

 for the cultivation of Greek and Roman antiquities and philology, of 

 which Pomponius La-tun, 1'latina, ami other learned men were 

 members. Paul, who unlike his predecessor Pius II., had no taste 

 for profane learning, became suspicious of the academicians and tln-ir 

 meetings. Some one probably excited his suspicious, by IICCU-IM; 

 them of infidelity and of treasonable designs. The academy was 

 proscribed, some of its members ran away, others wera seized and 

 tortured, and among them Platina, who after a year's imprisonment 

 was released through the intercession of several cardinal)*. It may 

 easily be supposed that I'latina, in his ' Lives of the Popes,' which he 

 wrote afterwards under Siitus IV., did not spare the memory of 

 Paul IL But besides Platina, other contain) "iriry writer*, such as 

 Corio Amtnirato, an anonymous chronicler of Bologna, aud the monk 

 Jacopo Filippo of Bergamo, all speak unfavourably of this p.,|,... 

 Paul II. died suddenly, in July 1471, and was succeeded by Sixtua IV. 

 Cardinal Querini has undertaken the defence of Paul II., in hi* 

 " VindicisB adversus Platinum aliosque Obtrectatores." 



PAUL III., CARDINAL ALtnANDBoFARNESE, succeeded Clement VII. 

 in October 1634. At that time the most urgent applications were 

 mode by the various states of Europe to Rome for the assembling of 

 a general council, which was required by the state of the Western 

 Church, distracted by the disavowal of the papal supremacy by 

 i Luther and Zwiugli, aa well as by measures of Henry VIII. of 

 England. Paul however took a long time to consider before he 

 finally acceded to the request, ami it was only in 154 1 that he issued 

 the bull of convocation. In the meantime he eicoiiimiiiii<-at"<l 

 Henry VIII., and released his subject* from their oath of allegiance, 

 by which measure he hastened the total separation of England from 

 Rome. In 1540 he (auctioned the new order of the Jesuits. The 

 war between Francis I. and Charles V. occasioned a further delay iu 

 the assembling of the council, which was finally opened at Trent iu 

 1546. That assembly, which was prorogued several timen, transferred 



