PAUL IV. (OF ROME). 



PAUL I. (OF RUSSIA). 



004 



to Bologna, and afterwards removed again to Trent, did not terminate 

 its sittings till 1663, long after Paul's death. 



Paul was very anxious to aggrandise his own family. He had a 

 natural son, Pier Luigi Farnese, whom he first made Duke of Castro, 

 and afterwards Duke of Parma and Piacenza. For his grandson Ottavio 

 Farnese he obtained the hand of Margaret, a natural daughter of 

 Charles V.. and made him Duke of Camerino. The pope subdued the 

 peuple of Perugia, who had revolted against him, put to death several 

 of the leader*, and built a citadel to keep the citizens in awe. He 

 also attacked the Colonna, the most powerful baronial family in the 

 neighbourhood of Rome, took all their strongholds, and obliged the 

 members of that family to take refuge in the fiefs which they held in 

 the kingdom of Naples. He sent a contingent of 12,000 foot and 1000 

 horse, under his grandson Duke Ottavio, to join the emperor's army 

 in Germany against the Protestant princes, aiid he afterwards strongly 

 opposed the religious pacification granted by Charles in 1547, under 

 tLe name of the ' Interim.' In the same year Paul received the news 

 of the tragical death of his son Pier Luigi, who was murdered at 

 Piacenza, where he had made himself odious by his tyranny and his 

 lust. Overcome by grief at the news, he told his two grandsons, 

 Ottavio and Cardinal Farnese, who were with him at the time, to 

 take warning from their father's death, and to live in the fear of God. 

 Having secured the succession of Parma and Piacenza to Pier Luigi' 3 

 sun, Paul died, in November 1549, at a very advanced age, and was 

 succeeded by Julius III. 



PAUL IV., CARDINAL GIANPIETRO CAHAFFA, who was of a noble 

 Neapolitan family, succeded Marcellua II. in 1555. He was old, 

 haughty, intolerant, and intent upon aggrandising his nephews. He 

 quarrelled with Philip 11. of Spain, who sent the Duke of Alba with 

 an army from Naples to invade the papal territory. The duke 

 advanced to the gates of Rome, but after some demonstrations a 

 peace was concluded in 1557. Having learned that his nephews, one 

 of whom he had made a cardinal, were leading a most dissolute life, 

 and were plundering both the people and the treasury of the Church, 

 be bauithed them from Rome in 1559. Paul IV. died shortly after, 

 eighty-four years of age. He had been a zealous advocate of the 

 tribunal of the Inquisition. As soon as the news of his death became 

 known, the people of Rome rose in insurrection, ran to the prison of 

 the Inquisition, wounded a Dominican monk who acted as commissary, 

 delivered all the prisoners, and burnt the papers. They then threw 

 down the statue of the pope, crying out " Death to the Caraffas." The 

 tumult lasted several days, after which the conclave elected a new 

 pope by the i,ame of Pius IV., who instituted a process against the 

 nephews of the late pope, two of whom, Cardinal Caraffa and the Duke 

 of Paliano, were found guilty of several crimes, and put to death 

 in 1560. 



PAUL V., CARDINAL CAMILLO BOBGHESE OP SIEHA, succeeded 

 Leo XI. in 1605, when he was fifty-three years of age. His first act 

 was a dispute with the senate of Venice concerning two ecclesiastics, 

 subjects of that state, who, being accused of heinous crimes, were on 

 then trial before the civil magistrate. The pope asserted that clerical 

 men could only be tried by their bishops, and as the Venetian senate 

 maintained their rights, Paul laid Venice under interdict. The senate 

 forbade the publication of the bull, and as the members of several 

 monastic orders professed that they could not continue to perform 

 religious worship in a country placed under interdict, they were allowed 

 to quit Venice, and the senate appointed secular priests to perform 

 service in their stead. The people remained perfectly quiet, and tbe 

 bishops and vicars continued their functions as usual Paolo Surpi, 

 betttr known as Fnther Paul [PAUL, FATHER], the senator Antonio 

 Quirino, atd others, wrote in defence of the senate, and Cardinal 

 Baronius and Dellarmino wrote in defence of Home. There were 

 three points at issue between the pope and the senate : 1, the senate 

 had made a decree that no new convent or religious congregation 

 should be founded without their permission; 2, that no property or 

 perpetual revenue of any kind should be bequeathed to the church 

 without their approbation ; 3, that clerical men accused of crimes 

 should b judged by the secular power like other citizens. The king 

 of France and the emperor took the part of Venice, the court of Spain 

 that <>f tl e pope, and Italy was threatened with a war like that of the 

 Investitures. Henri IV. of France however proposed his mediation, 

 od sent to Venice Cardinal de Joyeuse,who after consulting with the 

 senate, proceeded to Rome, where he succeeded in effecting a com- 

 promise. The decrees of the senate were maintained, but the two 

 clerical culprits, in compliance with the wish of the French king, were 

 given up to the pope, "saving tbe right of the republic to punish all 

 offenders, clerical or lay, within ita dominions." Upon this arrange- 

 ment being made, tbe interdict was removed. 



In 1614 Pope Paul had a dispute with Louis XIII., on account of a 

 book of the Jesuit Suarez, entitled 'Defensio Fidei,' in whioh the 

 author maintained that in certain cases it was lawful to murder kings. 

 This book was publicly burned by sentence of the parliament of Paris. 

 The pope maintained that he was tbe proper authority to decide upon 

 the content" of works concerning religious and moral doctrines, and 

 that the book ought to have been referred to him. This aSair was 

 likewise settled by a compromise. 



pope was in the meantime usefully employed in reforming many 

 abuses in tbe tribunals and other offices of the Roman court, and in 



embellishing the city of Rome. In this respect he ranks among the 

 most distinguished pontiffs for his encouragement of the fine arts. 

 He enlarged the Vatican and Quiriual palaces, restored the church of 

 Santa Maria Maggiore, constructed or repaired aqueducts, made 

 additions to the Vatican library, collected statues and other anti- 

 quities, and built the handsome villa Mondragone at Frascati. He 

 established the fortune of the Borghese family, which ia one of the 

 wealthiest of the Roman families. Paul V. died in 1621, and was 

 succeeded by Gregory XV. 



PAUL I., emperor of Russia, sou of Peter III. and Catherine II., 

 was born in 1754. He lost his father at au early age, and the death 

 of his brother Ivan, in 1763, made him heir apparent to the crown. 

 He had good instructors, but was treated with great strictness by his 

 mother as long as she lived, and was studiously kept in ignorance of 

 all public affairs. She often expressed an unfavourable opinion of his 

 judgment and disposition, and it is believed that she would have 

 disinherited him had she been able to do it. In 1776 Paul married 

 Mary of Wiirtemberg, an amiable princess, by whom he had four sons, 

 Alexander, Constantino, Nicolas, and Michael, and several daughters. 

 In 1780 he travelled with his wife through Germany, France, and 

 Italy, under the title of ' Comte du Nord.' On his return to Russia 

 he continued to live in retirement, at the country residence of 

 Gatshina, thirty miles from St. Petersburg, and his sons and daughters 

 were educated at court, under the eye of the empress. In 1796, on 

 the death of Catherine, Paul, then 42 years of age, emerged from his 

 restraint, and was proclaimed emperor. He began by causing solemn 

 funeral honours to be paid to his father, together with the late 

 empress, and for this purpose he had the coffin containing his body 

 removed from the place where it had beeu deposited, and placed iu 

 the church by the side of the corpse of Catherine. Paul also went 

 in person to release the Polish patriot Kosciuszko, who was confined as 

 a state prisoner, not however in a dungeon, as some have said, but in 

 a private honse, under a military guard, and he gave him money to 

 enable him to go and live in the United States. He likewise liberated 

 Potocky, iSieiucewicz and the other unfortunate Poles who were con- 

 fined at Schlusselburg and other fortresses. These acts of the new 

 emperor gave hopes of a good reign, but Paul's character soon showed 

 itself in all its capriciousuess and violence. He liked to interfere in 

 the most minute details of police and of military discipline; he 

 forbade the wearing of round hats in the streets of St. Petersburg ; he 

 likewise proscribed trowsers and frock coats, and several foreigners 

 were ill-used in consequence of these absurd regulations. Any one 

 who met him in tbe street was obliged to take off his hat, even iu 

 the severest weather, and ladies were required to alight from their 

 carriages. For the former convenient drees of the Russian infantry, 

 consisting of a jacket and pantaloons, he substituted the German 

 uniform, with tailed coats, spatterdashes, and queues bedaubed with 

 grease and flour as being cheaper than powder and pomatum. This 

 caused much discontent among the soldiers and numerous desertions, 

 a thing almost unknown till then in the Russian army. In the same 

 spirit, Paul, whose only desire seemed to be to alter, remodelled all 

 tbe departments of administration, and all the courts of the empire, 

 in consequence of which thousands of civil officers were thrown out 

 of employment. 



In his foreign politics Paul at first seemed disposed to adopt a 

 system of neutrality in the great quarrel between France and the 

 allied powers. But he soon became alarmed at the progress of the 

 French arms, and at the encroachments of the French directory ; the 

 invasion of Switzerland, of Rome, Naples, Malta, and Egypt, deter- 

 mined him for war. He had an army of from 40,000 to 50 000 men 

 assembled in Gallicia by Catherine, and he ordered it to join the 

 Austrians and march upon Italy. 'J he veteran Suwarrow, the most 

 distinguished general of Russia, who had been dismissed by Paul soon 

 after his accession, for having sneered at his martinet innovations in 

 the army, was appointed to command the expedition. For an account 

 of his successful campaign in Italy, in 1799, see SDWARROW. Another 

 Russian ariuy, 40,000 strong, under General Korsakov, was sent to 

 join the Archduke Charles in Switzerland. This army was defeated 

 by Massena, at Zurich, in September 1799. A third army was sent to 

 join the English, under the Duke of York, in Holland, and that expe- 

 dition also failed. A fourth Russian army was embarked in a fleet, 

 which, joined to the Turkish fleet, conquered the Ionian Islands, and 

 assisted iu restoring the King of Naples to his continental dominions. 

 In the end however Paul was sorely disappointed in his military 

 expectations. His beat general, Suwarrow, after the conquest of 

 Italy, having marched into Switzerland to join his comrades there, 

 arrived just after the defeat of Korsakov, and was obliged to retreat 

 through the Alps of Glaris into the Urisons country. Ha and his 

 army were recalled by the emperor, and Suwarrow arrived, desponding 

 and in bad health, at St. Petersburg, where he soon after died. Paul, 

 who had broken the heart of the veteran by attributing to him the 

 disast rs in Switzerland, in which he had had no part, relented 

 towards him in his last moments, sent to inquire how he did, and 

 allowed the grand-dukes, his sons, to go and visit him. Paul withdrew 

 from the coalition without publishing his reason for it ; he offended 

 the allies, but at the same time made no proposal of peace to France. 

 He thus displeased everybody, and showed himself fickle, passionate, 

 and weak. His private conduct partook of the same character. He 



