697 



PAUL VERONESE. 



PAULUS -EQINETA. 



698 



variously inferred as a matter either of commendation or reproacli. 

 Editions of Father Paul's ' History of the Council of Trent ' were 

 published in London, in Italian, English, and French, in 1619, 1676, 

 and 1736 ; and of his whole works, in the original language, at Verona 

 and Naples, in 1761, 1768, and 1790. 



PAUL VERONESE. [CAGLIARL] 



* PAULDING, JAMES KIRKE, was born August 22,' 1779, at 

 Pawliugs, Duchess county, in the state of New York. He is of Dutch 

 descent, and the place of his birth derives ita name from an ancestor 

 by whom it was founded. Having completed his education, Mr. 

 Paulding settled in New York, where he has since for the most part 

 resided. His first literary effort was made in 1807, when, in conjunction 

 with his brother-iu law, Mr. Washington Irving, he wrote the series of 

 satirical papers entitled ' Salmagundi.' [IRVING, WASHINGTON.] This 

 work was eminently successful, but Mr. Paulding does not appear to 

 have followed up his first success till 1813, when he produced a 

 satirical poem entitled ' The Lay of a Scotch Fiddle,' and soon after a 

 somewhat elaborate reply to an article ou America in the ' Quarterly 

 Review.' This was followed in 1316 by a more pretentious work, 

 4 The Diverting History of John Bull and Brother Jonathan,' a suc- 

 cessful imitation of Swift and Arbuthnot. From this time Mr. Paulding 

 led almost as busy a literary life as his colleague in the ' Salmagundi ' 

 venture : but being iu easy circumstances, and looking rather to the 

 circles of New York than to the entire world of. English readers for 

 appreciation, he has had neither the spur of necessity nor the feeling 

 that the keener judgment of European criticism must be satisfied, to 

 incite him to that close study and careful finish which have done so 

 much to secure the wide and lasting reputation of Washington Irving. 

 In 181 7 Mr. Paulding published, in ' Letters from the South ' in 2 vols., 

 an amusing account of a visit to Virginia. In 1818 he wrote a second 

 series of ' Salmagundi,' and ' The Backwoodsman,' a poem. Following 

 these appeared in 1823 ' Koningsmarke, or Old Times iu the New 

 World,' a novel; 'John Bull in America,' 1821 ; ' The Merry Tales of 

 the Three Wise Men of Gotham,' 1826 ; ' The Book of St. Nicholas, a 

 Series of Stories of the Old Dutch Settlers,' 1827 ; ' The New Pilgrim's 

 Progress,' a satire, 1828; and 'Tales of the Good Woman, by a Doubtful 

 Gentleman,' 1829. In 1831 Mr. Paulding published ' The Dutchman's 

 Fireside," the most successful of his novels, a story of the colony of 

 New York in the time of the old French war, which has been placed 

 by some critics alongside Knickerbocker's famous history. His next 

 work was a story of the backwoods, ' Westward-ho,' 1832. The title 

 has been seized by a popular English novelist, but only in the title is 

 there any resemblance between the two works. A dissertation on 

 'Slavery in the United States,' and a ' Life of Washington, for Youth,' 

 followed. Having accepted iu 1837 the office of secretary of the navy 

 under President Van Buren, Mr. Paulding confined his pen to his 

 official duties till the death of Van Buren in 1841, when he resigned 

 his post, and again made his appearance as a writer. He has however 

 since confined himself mostly to the magazines, the only separate works 

 published by him being a novel called ' The Old Continental, or the 

 Price of Liberty;' and a short tale called 'The Puritan and his 

 Daughter.' Mr. Paulding's works are marked by strong native humour 

 and a genial, hearty manner ; and they are all thoroughly American 

 iu scenery, characters, and spirit. 



1'AULI'NUS, SAINT PO'NTIUS MEKO'PIUS, Bishop of Nola, 

 was born about A.D. 353, at Bordeaux, of a noble family. He was a 

 pupil of Ausouius, and was recommended by him to the emperor 

 Uratian, who appointed him consul in 378, and afterwards advanced 

 him to several offices of great importance. Through the influence and 

 exhortations of St. Ambrose, he was induced to relinquish the world 

 and give his property to the Church. He was ordained presbyter in 

 393, was made bishop of Nola in 409, and died in 431. Paulinus 

 wrote several works, of which only a few have coine down to us ; the 

 principal of which are a discourse on alms-giving, some letters, and a 

 few poems on religious subjects. Paulinus was intimate with the 

 most distinguished theologians of his time, and is frequently men- 

 tioned in the Epistles of St. Augustine and St. Jerome. His works 

 were published for the first time by Eadius, Paris, 1516 ; but the best 

 editions are by Muratori, Verona, 1736, fol. ; and by J. B. Le Erun, 

 Paris, 2 vols. 4to, 1685. . 



PAULl'NUS, SAINT, patriarch of Aquileia, is chiefly known in 

 ecclesiastical history for the exertions he made in defence of the 

 Trinity. He was born near Friuli, about 730, and was made patriarch 

 of Aquileia by Charlemagne in 776. He died iu 804. His works 

 have been published by Madrisi, Venice, 1737. 



PAULINUS, better known under the name of JOHN PHILIP 

 WERDIN, was born near Maunersdorf iu Austria, on the 25th of 

 April 1748. He studied philosophy and theolcfgy at Prague, and 

 afterwards learned some of the oriental languages iu the college of the 

 Carmelites at Rome, which order he had joined iu 1769. He was sent 

 to the coast of Malabar in 1774, where he remained for 14 years, and 

 was successively appointed vicar-general and apostolic visitor. In 

 1790 he returned to Rome iu order to superintend the religious works 

 which were printed by the Propaganda for the use of the missionaries 

 in Hindustan. He died at Rome, on the 7th of January 1806. 



Paulinus was one of the earliest Europeans who acquired a know- 

 ledge of the Sanskrit language. In consequence of his being settled 

 in the south of Hindustan, he wot not placed in such favourable cir- 



cumstances as our couutrvmen in Bengal for obtaining an accurate 

 knowledge of Sanskrit, since the Brahmaus of the north are much more 

 skilled in that language than those of the south. Paulinus however 

 was very unwilling to admit his inferiority to the English, scholars, and 

 he frequently attacked them in his works. The Sanskrit Grammar of 

 Pauliuus is published in the Tamul character instead of the Devanagari, 

 which is the character in which all Sanskrit works are written in tho 

 north of Hindustan, and which is employed in the Sanskrit grammars 

 and works which have been published at Calcutta ami in Europe. 



The Sanskrit Grammar of Paulinus was published at Home, in 1790, 

 under the title of 'Sidharubam, seu Grammatica Samscrdamica 

 cum Dissertatione historico-ciitica in Liuguam Samscrdamicam," and 

 also in a fuller and different form in 1804, under the title of ' Vyaca- 

 rana, seu locupletissima Samscrdamicse Linguaa Institutio;' but both 

 these works are entirely superseded by later, more accurate, and 

 complete grammars. Paulinus also wrote and edited many other 

 works, of which the most important are : ' Systema Brahmanicum 

 liturgicum, mythologicum, civile, ex monumentis Indicis, &c., disser- 

 tationibus historioi* illustravit,' Rom., 1791 ; ' India Orientalis Chris- 

 tiana, continens Fundationes Ecclesiarum, Seriem Episcoporum, 

 Missiones, Sehismata, Persecutiones, Viros illustres,' Rom., 1794 ; 

 ' Viaggio alle India Oriental!,' Rom., 1796; ' Atnarashinha, seu Dictio- 

 narii Samserdamici sectio prima, de Cselo ; ex tribus ineditis Codicibus 

 Indicis Manuscriptis, cum Versione Latiua,' Rom. 1793 (the whole of 

 this dictionary, of which Paulinus has edited the first pait, was 

 printed at Serampore, in 1808, under the care of Colebrooke) ; 'De 

 Antiquitate et Affinitate Linguso Zendicse et Samscrdamicie gertna- 

 uicaj Dissertatio,' Kom., 1793, Padua, 1799 ; and ' De Latiui Sermonis 

 Origine et cum Orientalibus Linguis Connexione,' Rom. 1802. 



PAULUS ^EGINE'TA, so called from his birthplace, in the island 

 of -iEgina, in the Sinus Saronicus, is one of the latest and at the same 

 time one of the most valuable of the ancient Greek medical Writers 

 whose works are still extant. Abulfaraj ('Hist. Dynast.,' p. 114, ed. 

 Pococke) states that he lived iu the 7th centuiy A.D. ; which is pro- 

 bably somewhere near the truth, as he quotes Alexander Trallianus 

 (lib. iii. cap. 28 ; vii. 5, 11, 19), who ia .supposed to have lived about 

 the middle of the 6th. Nothing is known of the events of his life, 

 except that he travelled a great deal, as we learn from two barb irous 

 Greek iambics prefixed to his work. It is on this account (as some 

 think) that he is sometimes called 7repio5euT7)s, a word which appears 

 to indicate a kind of travelling physician. He appears to have visited 

 Alexandria (lib. vii., cap. 17 ; and iv. 49) ; and it is probable that he 

 there obtained the title laTpotro^trr-fis (a practitioner in both medicine 

 and surgery), which is sometimes given him. Suidas says he wrote 

 various medical works; and Abulfaraj, that he composed a treatise 

 on medicine, in nine books, and one on female diseases. The lutter 

 work (if some parts of the first, third, and sixth books, which treat 

 of that subject, are not meant) is lost ; the former still remains, with 

 the title in-ro^s iarpiKijs j8i/3Ai'a eVra, ' Compendii Medici *Libri 

 Septem.' As there is no reason for supposing this work to be imper- 

 fect, it is probable that each of the third and seventh books, which 

 are much longer than the rest, was divided by the Arabic translator 

 into two. He appears to have been much esteemed by the Arabians, 

 who, on account of his skill in midwifery and female diseases, called 

 him Al-Kawabeli, ' the accoucheur.' His remaining work is chiefly a 

 compilation from Galen, Oribasius, Ae'tius, and others ; and indeed 

 he tells us himself iu the preface, that he meant it to supersede tha 

 short abridgment, by Oribasius, of his own larger work, the ' Hebdo- 

 mecontabiblon ; ' however it contains also a good deal of original 

 matter, though the author speaks very modestly of his own additions. 

 The following account of the contents of each book is given by him- 

 self in his preface, and tho English translation by Mr. Adams has been 

 adopted. "In the first book you will find everything that relates to 

 Hygiene, and to the preservation from and correction of distempers 

 peculiar to the various ages, seasons, temperaments, and so forth also 

 the jpowers and uses of the different articles of food, as we' have 

 explained in, a summary manner. In the second is explained the 

 whole doctrine of fevers, an account of certain matters relating to 

 them being premised, such as excremeutitious discharges, critical 

 days, and other appearances, and concluding with certain symptoms 

 which are sometimes the consequences of fever. The third book 

 relates to topical affections, beginning from the crown of the head, 

 and descending down to the nails of the feet. The fourth book 

 treats of those complaints which are external and exposed to view, 

 and are not limited to one part of the body ; also of intestinal worms 

 and dracunculi. The fifth treats of tho wounds and bites of venomous 

 animals; also of the distemper called hydrophobia, and of persons 

 bitten by dogs which are mad, and by those winch are not mad ; and 

 also of persons bitten by men : among other things it treats of dele- 

 terious substances and the preservatives from them. In the sixth is 

 contained everything relating to surgery, both what relates to the 

 fleshy parts, suck as the extraction of weapons ; and to the bones, 

 which comprehends fractures and dislocations. In the seventh is 

 contained a description of the properties of all medicines, first of the 

 simple, then of the compound ; particularly of those which I have 

 mentioned in the preceding six books, and more especially the greater 

 and, as it were, celebrated preparations. Towards the end are certain 

 things connected with tho composition of medicines, and of those 



