PAULUS ^EMILIUS. 



PAUSANIAS. 



m 



articUs which may be substituted for one another ; the whole concluding 

 witb MI account of w*i*bi* *ui<i o>6WupM** 



Tne mu.i valuable and original part of hi* work ii the aixlh book, 

 which euolaia* avvaral description* of operation*, either fint mm- 

 tiaid tlwr*, oreUe ith more accurate and preciae dirt-lions than 

 in an* fanner author. Tbeie i* a minute and excellent aooount of 

 brooc-hotoniy, taken from Antjllui (vi. 33). Ue recommends the 

 jugular T*ina to be oprnnt (vi. 40), and alao in aoue caaea the division 

 of an artery (iUd.). He deaeribea minute); an.l accurately the different 

 kind* of hernia, and the operation neceaaary for replaciiiK the intentiue 

 (TL 65). He notice* that few persons, if any, recover if hydrophobia 

 eomea on alter the bite of a ma-i dog ; but that if the wounded part 

 be immediately out out, there U but little danger (r. 8). He give* 

 direction! for opening an imperforate hyuien (vi. 72) and anua (TL 81). 

 The work U alao valuable aa containing fragmenta of many author* 

 wboee writing) are lost, tuch at Antyllui, Archigene*, and Diode* 

 Carntiua. 



The Ureek text waa fint published, Venet, 1528, folio, in tcdib. 

 AMi *t Andr. Asulani; the second and laat edition, which is much 

 auperior to the former, waa published, Basil, 1538, folio, ap. Andr. 

 Cralandnim, under the care of Hier. Geruasams. There are three 

 Latin translations of the whole work, beaiilea (even! others of detached 

 paru : 1, that by A 1 ban us Torinua, Bail., 1532, folio, several time* 

 reprinted, together with the aixth book, which waa omitted in the first 

 edition ; 2, that by Jo. Quinteriua Audernacus, Paris, 1632, folio, 

 much superior to the former, and several tiuiea reprinted ; and 3, thut 

 by Ja. Comarioa, liaail, Iii6, folio, aooompaoied by a valuable com- 

 mentary, or (as he expresses it) " dolabtJIarum, aire cantigatiouuiu 

 libra septem iMolata ac btvigata," This translation and commentary 

 an inserted in the ' Mediae Artis Principe*,' Paris, 1567, folio, ap. 

 Hear. Stopb. Aa Arabic translation wa made by the celebrated 

 Honain 'bn lahak, better known perhaps by his Latinised name 

 4 Joannitiua ' ('Biblioth. Philoeopb.,' apud Casiri, 'fiiblioth. Arabico- 

 Hisp. Eecur..' torn, i, p. 28S). which, according to Haller ('Bil.lioth. 

 Chirurg.'), still exists aomewhrre in manuscript There is an English 

 translation with a copious and learned commentary, by Frauds Ailums, 

 of which only a fint Tolume was published in 1834 ; but a seooud and 

 improred edition appeared in (hree Tola. 8vo, London, 1844, to. 



PAl U'S .-KMIUfS. [.KMILII.] 



PAULUS, 1IKINK1CH EliEKHARD GOTTLOB, waa born on 

 Septrmbar 1, 1761, at Leonberg, near Stuttgard. He at first proposed 

 deToting himself to the atudy of medicine, but becoming attached to 

 the sect of Pirtiata, he soon turned bin attention to theology, and pro- 

 ce-ded to Tubingen, where he pursued his studies. By the liberality 

 of the Baron Ton Palm he was shortly enabled to travel in Krancouia 

 and Saxony, in order to examine the state of education. He afterwards 

 studied the oriental languages at Gottingen, and then, again aasuted 

 by Palm, proceeded to London and Uxford to prosecute his atudirs. 

 On bis r. turn to Germany he waa appointed in 1789 prof'ssor of the 

 oriental language* in the UuiTeraity of Jena. Here he occupied himself 

 iii illustrating and explaining the Old and New Testaments in a pbilo- 

 logjoal-butoi leal manner, which he first dereloped to the world in 

 his'Clavisubrr die P-almen,' 1701, and Claris uber den Jewiaa,' 

 1793, with others. To these succeeded bis Philologisch.kriti.cher 

 uud hiatoriscber Commeotar iiber das Nrue Testament.' which was 

 giTen to the world in 4 Tolumea from ISuO to 1804, which made a 

 great imprwaion, at d added much to bis reputation. In 1793, on 

 DoderU in's death, be waa created profeuor of theology, but on account 

 of his b.allh, he remoTed in 1803 to Wiinburg in a similar capacity, 

 where be became alo a oounaellor of the oonaiatory and government. 

 On to* abolition of the ProteeUnt theological profe*orsLip at Wurz 

 burg, be waa seat to inspect tbe state of tbe achooU and ckurchrs, in 

 18U3to Baiuberg, in 1809toNurnbcrg,and in 1811 to Anabacb. In this 

 year a call to the chair of exegesis and church bii-torj in the University 

 of M'idelberg reetored him to his academical life, and to bin literary 

 actmty. In 1814, the endeavours then being marie to give a constitu- 

 tion to hU native state cf Wurtemberg excited his attention, and in 

 1819 he comm< need writing in a periodical work called ' Sophrouiwu,' 

 in which hia essay upon passing important subjects, such a* pro- 

 a*l)tiin|r, upon the influence of the Papist government on the 

 national Itomau Catholic Cbnrob of Germany, and others, gained great 

 apflaaee. In this he continued to write till 1829. As a th.oloxical 

 writer be was anxious to warn hi* read si I equally against a one-sided 

 nationality, and a speculative deviation from the original doctrines of 

 Christianity, aa from mjnticiam atd Jeauitiam. U lib these ideas ha 

 began ta 1620 a theological ' year book, called 'Der Deukglaubige,' 

 publubrd from 1826 to 1829, aad another journal called ' Kircben- 

 bel- uchluugen,' published in 1827. Among his other numerous 

 writings we may mention ' Jietoorabilioo,' published in part* from 

 17*1 to 17M ; ' Semmluog o>r Merkwurdigsteo Keiaen in dem Orient,' 

 in 7 vola., pobliabed from 1792 to 1803; ' Leben Jean, al. Grnodlage 

 eiorr reioen Ueecbiohte dea UrchrUteuUiuma,' 2 rols. 1828; 'Auf- 

 klarrod* Beittage sur Dopoea- Kircben- nnd Keluiona-Ueachichte,' 

 1830; ' Kxegttoebea Handbucb uber die drei erst, n Evaugelien,' 3 Tola., 

 1830 10 1883; 'Skixteo ana aeiaer bildunga- and Lebena-Goscbichte, 

 nun And*nki an win (unfugjahrigea Jubilaum,' loS9, ami the 

 ' VorUeongea 9ch<-lling'a uber uie Offenb.rung,' accompanied with 

 critical remark*, few men have had a wider influence, upon religion* 



opinion* in Germany than Paul us, though many of hit views have 

 been contested as too rationalistic. In 1844 on account of hi* great 

 age he was allowed to retire from hi* situation on a pension, and he 

 died on August 9, 1850, aged ninety. 



PAULUS, JU'LIUS, one of the mo.t distinguished of the Roman 

 lawyers, was the contemporary of Ulpian, and my be moat con- 

 veniently referred to the time of the Emperor Alexander Soverus. 

 The plao* of his birth ia unknown. The reasons alleged fur supposing 

 him to be a nitivo of Syria tamely, bin intimacy with Ulpian, who 

 waa a native of Tyro, and with Mammtc, tbe mother of Alexander 

 Severua, who was a native of Kmcaa are. manifestly no proofs at all. 

 It baa alao been supposed that he was a native of Padua, from the 

 fact of there being at Padua a statue which bears the name of Paulua ; 

 but the statue and inscription may refer to another person. The 

 Grecian)*, supposed to characterise hi* style, and his familiarity with 

 the Greek language, have been adduced a* argument* confirmatory of 

 hU alleged foreign origin. Paulua was a contemporary of Papinianus 

 [ PA rim AN us], and apparently rather his rival than hi* pupil, a* some 

 writers have supposed. He waa made Pnofoctu* Prsotorio by Alexan- 

 der Severua, or, according to others, by his predecessor Elagabalus. 

 He waa banished by Elagabolui, but restored by Alexander Severu* 

 (Aurel Viet., c. 24) ; unless Victor baa confounded Paulu* with 

 Ulpian. (Lamprid, ' King.,' c. 16.) 



Paulua was perhaps the most voluminous of all the Roman writers 

 on law, and tbe extraota from his works contained in the 'Digest' 

 are more numerous than those from any other wri'er except Ulpian. 

 According to Haubold, tbe ' Dige-t ' contains 2462 extracts from 

 Ulpian, and 2083 from Paulua. Paulus wrote under tbe Emperor 

 Antoninus Caracalla and his successors to tbe time of Alexander 

 Severus. HU style, aa far a* we can judge from the extracts in tlm 

 'Digest,' is concise, and sometime* obscure, owing to bis leaving the 

 reader to supply some of the steps in bis argument. Like the rest of 

 tho great Koman jurists, he was subtle in thought and clear and 

 comprehensive in his judgments. Ho ha* been accustd of violent 

 hatred of the Christian*, but the accuwiiou ia not supported by 

 proof. 



The following are the titles of a few of the works of Paulus : 

 80 books on tie ' Edict,' 26 books of ' Qutostiones,' 23 books of 

 ' Uesponsa,' 23 books of 'Brevia,' 5 books of ' Sentential,' dedicated to 

 his sou, 3 books on ' Adultery,' Ac. A complete list of the works of 

 thin laborious jurist is given by Zimmern {' Geschichte des Kbmi- 

 schen Priratrvchts, Ac.'). Of all these works there only remain the 

 excerpts in the ' Digest,' and tbe five books of the Uecepto; San- 

 tentUB,' which are preserved in an imperfect shape in the compilation 

 made by the order of Aluric II., commonly called the ' Breviarium 

 Alaiicianum.' 



A very full account of Paulus and his writings, by Bertrand, is 

 contained in the ' Jurisprudent^ Yetus Aute-Justinianea ' of 

 Schulting. 



PAUSA'NIAS, son of Clrombrotus, was of that royal bouse iu 

 Sparta which traced its descent from Kurynthrnes. Aristotle calls 

 him ' king.' but be only governed a* the cousin geruiau and guardian 

 of Pleistarchus, who succeeded to the throne on tbe death of 

 Leomdaa. 



Pausauia* come* principally into notice as commander of the 

 Grecian army at the battle of Platica. Tlie Spartan contingent had 

 been delated as long aa was possible, but owing to the representations 

 made by tbe Athenian minister* at Laceoajtuon it was at last 

 despatched, though not until the Persians hid advanced into licootia. 

 This delay had however one good efl'ect, that of taking tbe Arrives by 

 surprise, and defeating their design of intercepting any truops hostile 

 to Persia which might march through tluir territory. The Spartans, 

 under the command of Pau*aniag, got safe to tbe inthuiue, met the 

 Athenians at l-.leuiis, and ultimately took up that position which led 

 to the battle of PluUea. 



The result is well known. Pausanias, elated by hi* success, took 

 all methods of showing his own uuntneas to enjoy good fortune. 

 Being sent with twenty ships, and in the capacity of coinuiauder-in- 

 chul of the confederates, to the coast of Asia Minor, by his over- 

 bearing conduct ho disgusted the Greeks under bis command, and 

 particularly thoae Asiatic Greeks who bad lately revolted from 

 Persian rule. To hi* oppression he added an affectation of Eastern 

 luxury ; aud what we know of Spartan manners seeuis to lead to the 

 conclusion that no mixture coul.l possibly be more repugnant to per- 

 sona accustomed at once to Persian elegance and Ionic refinement 

 than a clumsy imitation of both, such as the conduct of Pauaauiua 

 probably presented. Prejudice m favour of tbe Athenians, who were 

 of the Ionic race, waa alau active; intrigue* commenced, tliu Athenians 

 encouraged them, aud Pausanias waa recalled. 



Much criminality was imputed to him by those Greeks who came 

 to Sparta fiorn the seat of war, aud his conduct waa clrarly more like 

 the exercise of arbitrary power than of regular military command. 

 He waa accordingly put on trial Private and public charge* Were 

 brought against bun : from the former he was acquitted, but liU 

 M.dim (or leaning to Persia) seems to be clearly pruvud. I 

 waa sent in his place; but tbe Spaitan tupreuiacy na<l received its 

 death-blow, and thenceforward Lacedwmon interfered only sparingly 

 in the prosecution of the contest with Persia. Pausania* however, 



