PAOTT, CORNELIUS. 



PEARCE. ZACHART. 



roses.- which W him to paint flower*, in which art ho eventually 

 mind greet skill A |>ortrait of Glycera with a garland of floaere 

 ww reckoned amongst " masterpieces ; a copy of it was purchased 

 l.ucuUo. at Ath.ua, at the great price of two talenta (about 

 4l). Tbie picture wa* called the ' BUphaoeplocos.' or garland 

 wa* reproached by his rivals u being a alow 



painter, but be silenced tbe censure by completing a picture of a boy, 

 U his own style, in a single day, which on that account was called the 

 Hemcreeioe.' or work of a day. ( Pliny, ' H ist. Nat.,' xxxv. 1 1 , 4 0.) 



Pausanias mentions two pictures by Pansias at Epidaurus, the one a 

 Cupid with a lyre in his band, his bow and arrows lying by his side ; 

 the other, the figure of If etbe, or drunkenness, drinking out of a gloss, 

 through which his fsee waa Men (ii. 37). Pliny mentions two pupils 

 of Pausiaa, his eon A ristolaus, a painter ' e severisaimia,' and a certain 

 Mechopanc*, who woe distinguished for a high finish and an excessive 

 nee of fellow : be wae also hard in colouring, yet ho had his admirers 

 notwithstanding theee peculiarities. We may collect from the 

 allusion of Horace (' Sat, ii. 7, 95) that the pictures of Pausias were 

 tivll known ftt ROOM* 



PAL' W, CORN ELI US, was born at Amsterdam in 1 739. He studied 

 t GoUingen, and was afterwards made canon of Xantcn, in the duchy 

 of Cleves. He applied himself to literature, and wrote several works in 

 French on the history and physiology of various nations and countries. 

 HU ' Reeberches historiquea sur les Americaius ' contain some curious 



many feasible reflections, and also many unsupported 

 I set forth in a dogmatic tone. Pauw hod not visited America, 

 and his object seem* to bare been to collect all the passages which he 



could find in other writers, and which could support some preconceived 



j the great inferiority of that _ 

 productions, and its native races. (Pernety, 'Dissertation ur 



opinion of bis concerning I 

 iu productions, and its 



r that part of the world, 



1'Amcrique et lee Aim-ricains contra les Recberches historiques de 

 M. de Puw,' which is found at the end of some editions of Pauw's 

 work.) In his chapter on Paraguay, Pauw shows himself particularly 

 hostile to the Jesuits. HU ' Recherche* sur leg Oreco,' in which he 

 bad bettor guides, is written with greater sobriety of judgment ; but 

 aren in this work his dogmatic spirit is perceptible. Pauw published 

 also ' Recbercbes sur les Egyptiens et Irs Chiuois.' The French Revo- 

 lution, and the subsequent invasion of the duchy of Cleves, deprived 

 1'auw of his peace of mind. He became dejected, and burnt all his 

 papers, among others his ' liecherches sur lea Geruiains,' which U said 

 to have been the most elaborate of his works, but which was never 

 printed. He died at Xnnten in 1799. 



Another member of the same family, John Cornelius Pauw, born at 

 Utrecht towards the end of the 17th century, was a good classical 

 scholar, published editions of several Greek classics, and wrote notes 

 on I'iii'lsr, snd alro a ' Distriba de Alea Yoterum.' 



PAXTOX, SIR JOSEPH, M.P., was born at Milton-Bryant, 

 Bear Woburn, Bedfordshire, in 1808, and educated at Wobura Free 

 School. A younger son of parents in very moderate circumstances, 

 be was obliged at an early age to seek means of supporting himself. 

 Having become a ikilful gardener, be obtained employment at Chixwick, 

 the seat of the Duke of Devonshire. There he bad the good fortune 

 to attract the notice of the duke, who removed him to ChaUwortb, 

 and gave him a situation of increased responsibility ; and eventually he 

 wae made not only director of the magnificent gardens and grounds at 

 Cbatswortb, but manager of the duke's vast Derbyshire estates. At 

 ChaUwortb be had the superintendence of the extensive works which 

 changed that already famous seat and grounds into the most splendid 

 ducal residence in England. The gardens and grounds were entirely 

 remodelled from the designs of Mr. Paxton, and while in a horticultural 

 point of view they were considered to have been raised to the foremost 

 place among English gardens, a* regards elegance of design they have 

 met with general admiration; though in this Utter respect much has 

 always been supposed to be due to the fine taste of the duke himself. 

 One great feature of the work, the Grand Conservatory, however was 

 known to be entirely the production of Mr. Paxton. This erection, 

 in six* far beyond anything then existing, being 300 feet long by 145 

 feet wide, and covering nearly an acre of ground, was not merely an 

 expansion of an ordinary conservatory. With perfect simplicity it 

 oumbuM d much beauty ol form, and it was constructed on a foundation 

 of tbe greaUat aolidity ; it has an underground railway for the use of 

 tbe ga>doers and workmen, an elaborate and successful system of 

 healing and ventilation, and an ingenious ridge-aud-furrow arrange- 

 ment of the glass for the double purpose of increasing its power of 

 resisting bail-etonna and facilitating tbe rapid paissge of rain water 

 eontrivaness since common enough in gigantic glass aud iron buildings, 

 bat tbea novel. It may be added as an illustration of tbe mechanical 

 ingenuity of Mr. Paxton. that the forty miles of sash-bar required for 

 tbe conservatory were made by a machine of bis own invention. 'linn 

 remarkable edifice was in fact tbe parent of the far more famous Crys 



During the many years he was engaged in carrying out these works, 

 tbe buil., ings at Edenaor, and other extentive oj rations connected 

 with the estatre of tbe Duke of Devonshire, Mr. Paxlun waa of course 

 brought into close profession*! and friendly intercourse with eminent 

 arkeU, architects, engineers, and manufacturers ; and a high estimate 

 of bis constructive talent and business skill became widely spread, 

 which the unbounded confidence in his integrity and warm admiration 



of bis ability, which tbe Duke of Devonshire took every opportunity 

 of expressing, did no little to extend and strengthen. There was a 

 general readiness therefore when the liuildiug Committee of the Great 

 Industrial Exhibition of 1851 had brought everything connected with 

 the building into a stste of uncertainty by their absurd proceedings 

 first rejecting the 233 designs sent in as unsuitable and impracticable, 

 and then substituting one of their own infinitely more unsuitable and 

 impracticable to listen with respect to the entirely original plan 

 which Mr. Paxton put forward ; and the more his design was 

 examined the more evident it became that lie had formed a clear 

 conception of what waa really required and of the best means of sup- 

 plying it. His design, as is well known, was, with very slight 

 modifications, carried out under his superintendence. With the general 

 public the building was from tbe first a favourite, and it gained 

 rather than otherwise by familiarity. Architects were disposed to 

 sneer at it as the work of a 'gardener,' aud termed it a huge conserva- 

 tory ; but it had the merit, BO extremely rare among modern English 

 buildings, of being exactly adapted to the purpose for which it was 

 erected, and it won from all competent judges the praise of displaying 

 remarkable constructive ability. As a recognition of his merit, Mr. 

 Paxton received the honour of knighthood ; and when the Crystal 

 Palace Company was formed he was invited to prepare a revised design 

 for the building on its new site at Sydeuham, and was appointed 

 director of the garden, park, &c. He availed himself of the oppor- 

 tunity so to remodel the plan and adapt it to the new site as to show 

 in a very striking manner the artistic capabilities of the new style he 

 may be said to have created. By breaking the uniformity of surface 

 and varying tbe outline he not only obtained a number of very pic- 

 turesque features, but by the formation of deep recesses in the garden- 

 front produced a brilliant play of light and shadow of which mere 

 glass walls were hardly supposed capable. Yet it is scarcely posiible 

 to look at the building from the garden without being struck as much 

 by the largeneia and simplicity of style which it exhibits as by its 

 lightness and brilliancy. In this building Sir Joseph Paxton bad 

 carried out probably to tbe fullest extent the ideal he had been led to 

 imagine in the course of his Chatsworth experience in building ; and 

 in tbe grounds and gardens may iu like manner be traced the influence 

 of his Cbatsworth studies. Costly and beautiful as are the Chatsworth 

 gardens and terraces, the fountains and waterworks, they have but 

 served as models for the nobler gardens, terraces, and fountains of the 

 Crystal Palace ; and whatever objections may be raised to particular 

 points of detail, it must be regarded as no small triumph to have 

 designed and carried out works so various, so vast, and BO beautiful. 



Since the completion of tbe Crystal Palace, Sir Joseph Paxton has 

 appeared inclined to pursue the profession of an architect, but the 

 ouly work of any consequence that, so for as we know, he bos erected, 

 is a mansion of very costly and fanciful design at Ferriorea, in France, 

 for the Baron James de Kothschild ; he has also made extensive altera- 

 tions at the seat of Baron M. A. de Rothschild, Meutmore, Bucking- 

 hamshire. It is only necessary to mention the remarkable plan for 

 girdling London with a maguificent arcade resembling tbe transept of 

 the old Crystal Palace, in which were to be included lines of railway 

 worked on the atmospheric principle and bordered by handsome 

 dwellings and shops, which Sir Joseph laid, in lts>.">, in full detail 

 before a committee of tbe House of Commons for considering means 

 of improving communications, Ac. in London. But besides this railway 

 in the air, Sir Joseph bos been a good deal connected with more sub- 

 stantial and matter-of-fact lines, and of late with other large coinn 

 undertakings. We ought perhaps also to notice that his versatile ability 

 was well shown in the suggestion and subsequently in his admirable 

 organisation of the Army Works Corps, which rendered such important 

 service to our army in the Crimea. 



In 1854 Sir Joseph Paxton was elected, without opposition, M.P. for 

 Coventry. He was elected Fellow of the Horticultural Society iu 1 826, 

 and of tbe Lanwuau Society in 1S33 ; and in 1844 he was created a 

 Knight of tbe Order of St. Vladimir by tbe Emperor of Kutsia. Sir 

 Joseph has contributed somewhat extensively to the literature of 

 horticulture. Among other things he wrote a ' Practical Treatise on 

 the Culture of the Dahlia,' 1838, and a ' Cottage Calendar,' which has 

 had an enormous circulation ; be also edited wholly or in part, ' Pax ton's 

 Flower Garden,' 'Pocket Botanical Dictionary,' ' Horticultural Register,' 

 and ' Botanical Magazine.' 



PEAUCE, ZACUAUY, an emim nt divine and scholar, and a prelate 

 of the English Church, was born in 1690. He was the son of a distiller 

 in Holborn, and went to Westminster School, whence be passed to 

 Trinity College, Cambridge. At Cambridge he was best known ss a 

 polite classical scholar, and it was in 1716, before he took orders, that 

 be published hi* edition of Cicero ' De Oratore.' He inscribed it, at 

 a friend's suggestion, to Lord Chief-Justice 1'arker, though he was not 

 known to him, and this circumitniice led to a friendship aud patronage 

 which were of tbe greatest use to him. The Lord Chief-Justice, being 

 made Lord Chancellor soon after, took Mr. Pearcc into his family HS 

 his domestic chaplain. Preferment now flowed in U|>n linn, lie was 

 presented to tbe living of Stapleford Abbots iu Esncx, St. Bartholomew, 

 near tbe Royal Exchange, and finally of St. Martin' s-in-the Fields, 

 London. The last appointment was in 1723. He was made Dean of 

 Winchester in 1739, in 1748 Bishop of Bangor, and iu 17..0 Bishop of 

 Rochester, with the deanery of Westminster annexed, which he after- 



