'. kXH I i 



PELL, JOHN. 



ever from sT*Tl treatise* by the most eminent theologian* of the 

 iy, a* well a* the decision* of the vai iou council* and synods held 

 in eMUMctiou with thi* affair of Gottcobalk, that ecclf*iai.tical and 

 orthodox loaning i were on the vide of Augustine and his admirer. 



Thus profe**dly AngusUnian a* the spirit of Catholic theology 

 undoubtedly was, there arise* a question by what means did the 

 nlMonsrt princii-1- of Pelagiaoitm rnter to largely and actively into 

 the church *y teui of the middle ages f Ignorance of the real principle* 

 of Auratio* WM one cause, which enabled the leading schoolmen to 

 engraft their perversions upon his doctrine*. For the Pelagianism of 

 one great doctor of the middle age*, Duns Scotus, is clear and 

 undoubted; and the leanings of another, St. Thomas Aquinas, 

 Aogoatinian as he has often been deemed, are found, when closely 

 r. gardrd, to be at least Semi-Pelagian. Most close and natural was 

 the connection between Pelsgianistn and the paramount attention 

 Leetowrd by the schoolmen on speculative questions in morality, to 

 which the interest* of religion were often sacrificed. The naturalism 

 of the system of Pelagius i* well known- In this nl.-o some of the 

 leading schoolmen were his followers. In their high and unbounded 

 admiration for Arittotle, iu whom they professed to discover the best 

 and most eligible guide to Christian truth, they left, like Pelagius, the 

 line of demarcation between Christianity and heathenism faiut and 

 indistinct. The modern Arcninians, called also iu the first instance 

 Remonstrant*, and in more homely phrase Free-Willers, correspond 

 very nearly in doctrine with the Semi-Pelagians above mentioned. 

 A;:V;M -. 



PKLA'GIUS I. succeeded Virgilins in the tee of Home in 555. Like 

 his predecessor, ho was involved in dogmatical controversy with most 

 of the Western bishops, concerning certain theological tenets con- 

 demned by the council of Constantinople, and known in controversial 

 history by the name of the three chapters, being supported in his view 

 of the question by the Emperor Justinian, who was fond of iuterfering 

 in theological disputatious. (Noni, 'Diasertatio de Synodo quint*.') 

 Pelagius died in the year 560, and was succeeded by John III. 



PELA'GICS II. succeeded Benedict I. in 78. He was likewise 

 embroiled in disputes concerning the three chapters above mentioned. 

 ID the meantime a council which assembled at Constantinople bestowed 

 on the patriarch of that city the title of (Ecumenic or ' universal ' 

 bishop, at which Pelagius was greatly offended. lie died at Rome in 

 590, and was succeeded by Gregory I. 



PELA'YO. 6rst king of Asturias, was the son of Favila, duke of 

 Cantabria, and a descendant of Chindnawind, the twenty-eighth in order 

 among the Gothic kings of Spain. After the disastrous battle of Guuda- 

 Icte (A.D 711), all those Christians who either feared the cruelties of the 

 Moorish conquerors or could not bear their yoke, fled for refuge to 

 the inaccessible mountains of the Asturias, where the arms of the 

 invaders had not yet n ached. Among them was Pelayo, who, accord- 

 ing to some authorities, had fought bravely on the plains of Xercz, 

 and witnessed the defeat of the Christian arms, but who, if we follow 

 the account of the Arabian writers, escaped from Cordova, where he 

 wa retained as a hostage for the fidelity of his countrymen. On his 

 arrival among the rrfugeea, Pelayo was appointed their chief. At first 

 these relics of the Gothic monarchy seem only to have been animated 

 by the wish of self-preservation, but on their numbers increasing, 

 they thought of reviving the expiring embers of liberty. Al horr 

 Ibn-Alxl-rl rabman, who governed Spain in tho kiilif's name, having 

 been apprised of their intention*, despatched a considerable force 

 under Alkama, to crush the rising insurrection, but the followers of 

 Prlayo had already gainrd possession of the mountain pass of Ausevo, 

 near the river Sella, and concealed part of their force in the cavern of 

 C'ovadunga. While the Moslems were ascending the steep acclivity 

 where the Christian* were encamped, and whin the chapel of St. Mary 

 now itands. a sodden attack upon one of their Sank*, accompanied l>y 

 a tbower of stones, and fragment* of rock* hurled down from the top 

 of the mountain, threw their ranks iuto confusion. Pelayo and his 

 followers then issued from the cavern, and the Moslems fled pre- 

 cipitately from the field of battle, leaving their general and thousands 

 of tl.cir mrn (718). 



I'elayo'* success did Dot end here. Mumiia, or Al mnnayzir, the 

 governor, some soy, of Leon, other*, of Gijon, who hastened to the 

 asstrtsnes of hi* countrymen, lot his life in a like manner, and hi* 

 army was completely defeated. These memorable event* fixed the 

 destiny of the infant kingdom. The important city of Leon, long the 

 court of Pelayo'* sucoetsum, was next reduced (722), a* well as 

 Zamora, Lugo, and Astoria, and although the Mohammedans in 724 

 nuumxl some of there places, the intestine wars in which they them- 

 elve* wtn engaged, and the repeated incursions of Pelayo, helped to 

 consolidate the little kingdom which the Asturian hero transmitted to 

 his mccessor Alomo el Casto. The remainder of Pelayo's reign is 

 unknown. He died in 787, and was buried in the church of Santa 

 KiiUlia at Cangas de Onla. 



(Mariana, ifuU/na Gmtral ett Efftai'a, lib. vii , chap. i. ; Mardett, 



via ile la 7'omtnacion de lot 



Aratti cis Eipaia, vol. i., p. 73; Bordoo, C'arltu para iltutrar la 

 <a dt Sffafa, Mad , 1 



I'.. AlM.M'.I.KJI ANJACQUES, MAKKCHAL, DUCDE 

 MALAKOKr*, was lorn in a stuall borough near Rouen, on the 16th 

 of November 1791. Having mjyed the benefit of a sound education at 



college, he went through a course of military training at the Ecole de 

 it Cyr, and then entered the French army as sub-lieutenant, iu March 

 1815, during the Hundred Days. After the peace he devoted himself 

 a those serious studies of military science which have at all time* 

 iept up in France the supply of competent generals. He distinguished 

 limsclf under Moncey in the Spanish campaign of 1823, was rewarded 

 or his gallantry with several orders and crosses, and became a captain 

 in the King's Guards in 1828. 



The following year (1829) ho took an active part in the campaign in 

 Greece, receiving fresh marks of distinction for his good conduct. He 

 was already known as one of the most promising officers in the Fr.-ncli 

 army, and was therefore summoned to join the treat expedition a 

 Algiers, in 1830, under Marshal Bourmont For his dashing behaviour 

 in this war he was appointed to the rank of major, and created an 

 officer of the legion of honour. In Africa he continued two 

 constantly employed in that novel but trying and fatiguing mode of 

 war, which baa completely altered the nature of military service in the 

 French army, and produced even a very marked change iu the pi 

 organisation of the French soldier, as all observant travellers report. 

 This laborious life broke his health, compelled him to return to France, 

 and kept him for several years at a distance from the scene of wr. 

 Still, during this interim the government availed itself of his talents 

 and experience on several employments at home half civil, half mili- 

 tary. From the autumn of 1832 until the close of 1839 IV Ussier was 

 occupied in this manner. In 1840 he returned to Africa, was appointed 

 successively chief of the staff to General Schramm and other com- 

 manders, and was made a colonel in July. During the next four 

 years he was continually engaged in those desultory excursions and 

 skirmishes which constitute the campaigns of war among the wan- 

 dering tribes of Algeria. 



He had now been thirty years in the French army, and was not only 

 admired for his valour and capacity, but was generally liked by men 

 of all ranks in the service for his private characttr and frank manners. 

 It was then that, unfortunately for bis fame, he was ordered to take 

 charge of an expedition against the Kabyles in the Sabura; a wuuderiug 

 tribe of hardy and resolute men, who called thcmst-lves invincible, 

 pnrtly because they do not fear death, and partly because the toituous 

 passes and labyrinths by which their territory is secured, bad long 

 prevented the approach of a conquering enemy. Accordingly, in 1845, 

 Colonel Polis.- ier marched iu pursuit of the Ouled Kiahs, one of the 

 ino-t desperate of the Eabyle tribes, and entered their territory on the 

 18th of June. The Ouled Kiahs, finding themselves closely put sued, 

 took refuge in the spacious caverns in which that gregarious people 

 dwell. Summoned repeatedly to surrender, they refused, and fired on 

 the messengers sent to offer them terms. Then, to terrify them, nnd 

 oblige them to come out, fascines weie placed at the entrance of the 

 caves, and kindled. Letters, offering to spare their lives and liberty, 

 if they gave up their arms and horses, were next thrown into their 

 retreat. They would not comply. Fresh fascine* were now lighted, 

 and pushed still closer to the mouths of the caverns, which produced 

 a great tumult within. Some of them wished to submit, but the 

 greater number continued stubborn. Still wishing to save them, 

 1'elissier sent several Arabs amongst them, to exhort them to sur- 

 render ; and on their refusal sent a flag of truce into the caverns, but 

 the Africans received it with a discharge of musketry. Twenty-eight 

 hours thus elnpeed, when for the lost tiuie the fire was kindled, and 

 kept burning until the groans of the sufferers had died away. Nearly 

 i-ix hundred dead bodies were afterwards found lying about, and of 

 those who were got out still living about two hundred more sunk soon 

 after. When the difmal intelligence reached Europe it was received 

 with universal horror and reprobation, and it was as loudly denounced 

 in Paris as it was in London ; yet Marshal liugenud, who commanded 

 in Algeria, d> fended the character of Pdlissier, and called the operation 

 " a necessity of war." 



In 1847 PiMimier became a mare'chol de camp, and a lieutenant- 

 general in 1848. In this capacity he remained serving in Africa until 

 the early part of 1856, when he was tudde&ly ordered to take the 

 command of one of the corps d'armec' in the Crimea. At the head of 

 that corps, and second in command to General Canrobert, be soon 

 imparted an increased energy to the Frcuch army before Sebostopol, 

 and induced many comparisons between him and his chief, derogatory 

 to the latter. Canrobert, being hurt by these reflections, wrote to the 

 Emperor Napoleon for leave to resign. [CANROBERT.] Accordingly, 

 on the 19th of May 1865 General IV-linicr was raised to the chief 

 command, and his corps transferred to bis predecessor. The expe- 

 dition to Kertch soon after justified by its success the expectations 

 formed of the new leader. To this succeeded the well-known advance 

 on the Tchernaya, and several bold attacks on tho great Russian works. 

 Finally, on the 8th of September 1855, the great fort of the Malakoff 

 was stormed and carried by the French, and the south of the town of 

 Sebastopol fell into tho hands of the allies in consequence. For these 

 exploits Pt'lUsier was created a marshal, and soon after Napoleon III. 

 gave him the title of Due de Mslnkoff. Marshal Pdlissier has likewise 

 received the Grand Cross of the Bath from Queen Victoria. 



ITU.. .InllN. an eminent English mathematical d from 



an ancient family in Lincolnshire, was born at Southwick iu Suwex, 

 March 1st, 1610, where his father was minister. From an astrological 

 horoscope, preserved among Ashrnole's collection* at Oxford, we learn 



