: 



PRNNI, GIOVANNI FRANCESCO. 



PEPIN D-HEHISTAL. 



rtt 



cipal asristent to Nath, in connection with Carltonhouse Terrace, 

 aud afterwards WM engaged upon all Nah's works, except thoM of 

 Baeki^bam-paJMe. Daring thu time the walks aud garden of 8t 



JaaesVpark. pUnoed by Nah, were Mi oat on the ground by 

 Mr. IVaueihonx. In 1830 Mr. Pennetharuo began to practi<a on hw 

 own account In the oour*e of tlie next fa* yean be designed and 

 oparinteaded the buildingt for Mr. Crockford, till lately known as 

 the St. Jam-Vs B*xaar ; the church in the Gray's-Inn-rood, and one in 

 Albany-treet ; houses at Newmarket for Lord Chesterfield, the 

 Mirquasa of Kxeter, and Mr. Crockford ; a bouM for Mr. Herriea at 

 St. Julian's; oue for Mr. Batter Danrers at Leicester; one fr .Mr. 

 Lea Lea at IlmintUr, and otben. In 1833 ho wae appointed to on 

 office under the department of the Wood* and Forests,' in regard to 

 metropolitan improvements, and in 1840 be succeeded Mr. Rhodes as 

 Surveyor of Land Revenues in London, in connection with tbe same 

 board. Amongst the London improvements, out of those which he 

 has designed daring tbe period of his official duties, may be named, as 

 already carried into execution under his management, New Oxford- 

 street, Cranbourne-street, Kndell-street, and the new street in Spital- 

 fielda ; tbe Victoria Park ; and Battersea Prk, now approaching to 

 completion. It should be understood that his duties referred to, 

 do not allow of a complete control of the architectural design of the 

 individual buildings; but in another department of his practice as an 

 architect, he has designed and superintended tbo building of the 

 Museum of Practical Geology in Piccadilly nnd Jermyn-street ; the 

 additions to the Ordnance Office in Pall-mall ; those to Somerset- 

 house, where he has adhered strictly to the manner of the older 

 portion of the building; the General Record Hepoiitory, only a 

 portion of which is completed ; and the new ball-room nnd supper- 

 room at Buckingham-palace. Mr. Pennethorne'i best manner combines 

 tbo results of attentive study of both the Greek and the Italian 

 systems of architecture, the latter being taken as the basis. Mis 

 details of moulding! and ornament have always the mark of character ; 

 and his doorways, amongst which may be instanced that in Jermyn- 

 street, and those in the ball-room at Buckingham palace, are especially 

 good as competitions. Mr. Pennetliorne ia a Follow of the Hoyal 

 Institute of British Architect*, and a member of the Academy of 

 St. Luke at Home. In July 1856, on the completion of the exterior 

 of tbe wing of Somerset-house, a testimoni.il signed by about a 

 hundred members of the architectural profession in London, was 

 presented to Mr. Pennethorne, which expressed their sense of the 

 ability with which he bad treated that aud other public buildings, of 

 the skill and intelligence which he had brought to bear upon difficult 

 technical subjects, and of his anxious attention to tbe public interests 

 in the Tcry extensive purchases of property entrusted to his care ; and 

 with those feelings they desired to offer him a copy in gold of a 

 medal of Sir William Chambers, the architect of Somerset-house, 



JoBB I'KKurrnuBNE, younger brother of James, though he has 

 not been much engaged in the practice of architecture, claims notice 

 on account of the importance of the researches which he made into 

 tbe mathematical principles of the Greek artists, especially in relation 

 to the curved lines, and other optical refinements in tbe design of tbe 

 Athenian buildings, which bad loni; been tho subject of doubt and 

 dinVulty in tbe comprehension of the descriptions of Vitruvius. Mr. 

 Pennetbonie spent some time at Athens in investigations on this subject, 

 but at the time gained lens credit for them, except with bis immediate 

 contemporaries interested in the subject of Greek architecture, thnn 

 ho deserved. The subject has since been pursued in Athens by Mr. 

 '0. and is treated of in his elaborate work, published by 

 the Society of Dilettanti, and entitled 'An Investigation of the 

 Principle* of Athenian Architecture,' In 1S44 Mr. Pennethorne 

 printed for private circulation a pamphlet addressed to the 1 

 Hobert Peel, under the title, 'The KlemenU aud Mathematical 

 Principles of tbe Greek Architects and Artists, recovered by an 

 Analysis and Study of the remaining works of Architecture designed 

 and < xecuted in the age of Pericles,' in which he urged the national 

 importance of the subject, and gave some of the conclusions from 

 bis researches, the value of which is now acknowledged. Mr. Pen- 

 ntthorne made prr|>arationa for a work on ' The 1'rincipia of tho 

 Greek Architects and Arti>t,' which it is to be regretted he has 

 not completed. He some time since retired to the Isle of Wight, and 

 took to agricultural pursuit*. 



I'KSM. OIiiVA.NM FRANCESCO, calied It FATTOBK, was born 

 at t lr*nc* in 1488, and nceivsd the name of 11 Fattore, or the 

 Steward, from bis having been entrusted with the management of the 

 domestic a&Virs of RiffaelU. He however soon became one of his 

 principal assisUnU \)r. Waagen is of opinion that IVnni executed 

 many pacts of the cartoons at Hampton Court, especially those of the 

 ' Iteath of Ananias,' Ht. Paul and Barnabas at Lj stra/and ' SU Paul 

 preaching at Athen.' Of Penni's own works no frescoes and very 

 few oil-paintings remain. His characteristics are said to have been 

 facility of invention, graceful execution, and singular felicity in land- 

 scape. After the death of liafiaelle, Penni went to Naples, where he 

 died in 152.1, at tho age of forty. 



PKXTX, PKNCZ, or PENS, GEORO, a celebrated German painter 

 and euirrarsr, was born at NUrnberg about 1600. He was first the 

 pujil of Albrecht Diirer, and he afterwards studied tho works of 

 Kaflaelle at Rome, probably after the death of Kafiaclk, but before 



bis school was dispersed in 1S27. If however Pent* were born in 1510, 

 as some accounts givo, it must have been after the dispersion of the 

 school of Kafficlle that ha was in Homo. He died, according to 

 Doppelmayr, iu 1550, at Brmlau. Pentz was one of the most correct 

 in design of the early German masters. Hii prints are numerous, but 

 his pictures are scarce ; then are some at Number;, and a few in tha 

 galleries of Berlin, Munich, and Schleissheim. Bartsch enumerates 

 and describe* 126 engravings by Pentz, of which the best are seven 

 of tha history of Tobias. He was the pupil of Marctiutunio, and 

 assisted him in some of hit prints after Kaffaelle. 



PEPAQO'MENDS, or more properly DKMKTRIUS PKPAGOME- 

 NUS, one of tbe latest of the Greek physicians, is tba author of a 

 short treatise on tha gout, which is still extant. Nothing is known of 

 the events of his life, but as his work was composed at tha command 

 of the Emperor Michael Pakeologus, it must have been written 

 between the years 1230 and 1282. "Thii discourse," says Freind, 

 (' Hist of Physio,' vol. i.), " though containing little extraordinary, 

 and being collected out of other writers, chiefly Alexander, of whose 

 work tbe eleventh book treats of this disease at great length, yet is 

 far from deserving the character which M. Muaurus, his translator, 

 bestows upon the author (by name unknown to him), of infant et 

 clinguit, &c., as if he could not express what he meant." It consuls 

 of forty-five short chapters, besides tho preface and conclusion, aud, in 

 the opinion of Sprengcl (' Hist, de la Mdd.') does not deserve to be 

 classed among the numerous worthless productions of the modern 

 Greekr. Hu says that the author certainly do?s not depart from the 

 system of Galen, but that his theory of the disease is more reason- 

 able, and more in accordance with the observations of the m 

 than that of most of his successors. He sets out with a true and pre- 

 cise axiom, namely, that the gout is a disease affecting the whole 

 organised frame, and produced by weakness of tbe digestive organs 

 and excesses in the matter of diet, Ac. (cap. 7). The morbid prin- 

 ciple, which is the result, is directed by nature toward* the weakened 

 articulations (cap. 3). Hence it follows that sobriety and temperance 

 are the only means of preventing the disease (cap. 10). With respect 

 to the cure, he seems chiefly to have trusted to emetics and cathartics, 

 and gives several prescriptions, some of which are borrowed, and others 

 are apparently original. 



Tbe treatise *tpl rotdypat (' De Podagra ') was first published in 

 Latin, by Marcus Muslims, 8vo, Romno, 1517, with tha title 'Do 

 PotlngrA Liuellus inoerti Auctoris e Greco iu Latiuum oonversns,' &c. 

 This translation is inserted in the ' Medica Artis Principe*,' by 

 H. Stephens, foL, 1'ari', 1567. Tho Greek text was first published at 

 Paris, ap. G. Morelium, 155S. 8vo, with a Latin translation (probably) 

 by Tumebiui. The best edition is by I. S. Bernard, 8vo, Lngd. Bat., 

 1743, Or. and Lat., which 'is sometimes found with a new title-page, 

 Arnhem., 1753. There is a French translation by Fred. Jamot, 8vo, 

 Paris, 1578. 



There is extant a treatise entitled Aidyvuait rav in yuppoi, -xaBuv, 

 Kai Stpawtta ('l)ignotio Morborum in Kenibus, eorum, quo Curatiu'), 

 which is commonly printed among Galen's works, but which is how- 

 ever manifestly spurious, as the author professes himself to bo a 

 Christian. Fabricius, in his list of Galen's works, conjectures that 

 Demetrius Pepagomenus may have been tho author, but iu the opinion 

 of Freind and Hall, r there seems to be no good reason for such a 

 supposition. In the collection of writers, 'De Re Accipitraria et 

 Venaticd,' published by Nic. Rigaltius, 4to, Paris, 1612, are two 

 treatises, which are perhaps the works of this same Demetrius. One 

 is entitled 'I<po*<Kr<(<J>ioc, t) vrpl rfji rur Itpdxajy iraTpo^t rt vol 

 tVi.ucAfiat (' Hieraoosophium, give De Accipitriim Kducationo et Cura- 

 lione '), containing an account of the different species of hawks, the 

 mode of catching and training them, the diseases to which they aro 

 subji-ct, and the remedies proper for each. The other is called 

 KunHTityioK, f) ircpl rift run Kwav ivt/jn\itttt ('Cynosophium, nivo De 

 Canum Curatione '), and is sometimes attribute I to Phicmon. It has 

 been several times reprinted, but is not of much worth. Ho attributes 

 madness in dogs to a worm underneath the tongue. 



I'KPIN IHIKRISTAL (so called from a place in the kingdom of 

 Australia, or Metz, called Heriatal), or PM-IH LI OROS, was the son of 

 Ansegisui, and grand? on of Arnoul, who was duke of Auntraaia in the 

 reign of Dagobert I., afterwards bishop of Metz, and who was finally 

 numbered among tbe saints. The mother of Pepin, named Begga, 

 was the daughter of another Pepin, called Pepin the Old, or Pepin of 

 Lander, who was Maire of the Palace under Dagobert I. and under 

 hi* son Siegbert, king of Austrasia, was much respected for his per- 

 sonal character, and who died in 640. Pepiu d'Heristtl became Duka 

 of Austra<ia under Dagobert II., after whose death, in 679, he governed 

 the country as sovereign under nominal allegiance to Thierri III., king 

 of Burgundy and Neustria. Thierri however became dissatisfied with 

 Pepin, who revolted and defeated him in 690, nnd obliged him to 

 recognise him as Maire du Palais, or, in other words, the governor of 

 the whole Prankish, monarchy. Here begins the series of the 'Rots 

 faindans,' or 'do-nothing kings,' who succeeded one another as mere 

 crowned pageants, whilst the Maire du Palais had all the real authority. 

 Pepin ruled as such under Thierri, Clevis HI., Childebert III., and 

 Dagobert III., and thus made his authority respected not only by the 

 natives, but ab>o by foreigners. He died in 714, having appointed his 

 grandson Thcodebaud to succeed him as Maire du Palais. But Charles 



