733 



PEPIN. 



PEPYS, SAMUEL. 



731 



Martel, a natural son of Pepin, was proclaimed Duke of Austrasia by 

 the acclamations of the people in 715, and in 71 9 he obliged ChilpericII. 

 to acknowledge him as Maire du Palais as his father Pepin had been. 

 [CHARLES MARTEL.J 



PEPIN, King of France, called 'le Bref,' or 'the Short,' eon of 

 Charles Martel, was Maire du Palais after his father's death, under the 

 nominal King Childeric III., for the kingdom of Neustria and Bur- 

 gundy, whilst his brother Carloman governed that of Auetrasia in a 

 similar capacity. The two brothers defeated the Saxons, Bavarians, 

 and Slavonians; and Pepin, in 744, defeated the Duke of Aquitania, 

 who bad revolted. Soon after, Carloman, in a fit of devotion, gave up 

 the government of Austrasia, and retired to a monastery at Rome, 

 where he ended his days. All the authority was now concentrated in 

 Pepin. What followed has been briefly and obscurely told by the 

 chroniclers : " King Childeric was dethroned, A.D. 750, his head was 

 shaved (long hair was n essential appendage of royalty with the 

 Merovingian kings), and he was confined in the monastery of Sithin, 

 or St. Berlin, t St. Omer, and his eon Thierri was sent to the convent 

 of Fontenelle in Normandy, where he was brought up in obscurity." 

 (Renault, ' Histoire de France.') Eginhardt, the historian of Charle- 

 magne, says, that " Burckard, bishop of Wurzburg, and the priest 

 Fulrad, a chaplain, were Bent to Pope Zacharias at Rome, to consult 

 him concerning the state of France, in which the kings had merely the 

 name of kings, without any royal power, and that the popo replied 

 that it was better that he who exercised the royal authority should 

 bear also the rojal title ; in consequence of which sanction, Pepin was 

 constituted king." And the contiuuator of the chronicler, Fredegarius, 

 writing under the direction of Count Childebrand, Pepin's uncle, says, 

 that " by the consent of the Prankish nation, supported by the sanction 

 of the Apostolic see, the illustrious Pepia being consecrated by the 

 bishops and recognised by the princes, was raked to the kingdom, 

 together with his Queen Bertrada, according to the ancient usages." 

 We have no circumstantial account of this important event, except 

 that Pepin was anointed at Soissous, in March 752, by Boniface, bishop 

 of Mainz, called the Apostle of Germany before the assembly of the 

 nation. It seems that the ceremony of anointing the new king was 

 introduced on this occasion, having been unknown under the first or 

 Merovingian dynasty. (Sismondi, * Histoire des FranjaU.') 



Si.-moudi thinks, with eome degree of plausibility, that this acces- 

 sion of a new family to the throne of the Franks was not a mere 

 chance of dynasty, nor the usurpation of one family over another, but 

 that it was really a national revolution effected by the German popula- 

 tion of Austrasia under their leaders Pepin d'Heristal, Charles Martel, 

 and hi son Pepin, who conquered Neustria and the other provinces 

 of ancient Gaul, and placed their own dynasty on the Prankish throne. 

 During the two centuries and a half which had elapsed since the first 

 conquest of Gaul by the Franks under Clovis, the conquerors had 

 become mixed with the Gallo-Homau population, had adopted their 

 language, manners, and effeminacy, and the original families of the 

 Franks had almost entirely disappeared in Neustria, Aquitania, and 

 Provence. But Austrasia, which extended far on the right bank of 

 the Rhine, had remained German. The family of Pepiu led the 

 Australian bands into the rest of Gaul, which thus received a fresh 

 infusion of German manners, language, and military spirit. Pepin le 

 Bref, in order to conciliate the conquered Neuntrians, raised Chil- 

 deric III., of the old dynasty, to the throne, but this pageaut was in 

 reality the king of the conquered, while Pepin retained all the autho- 

 rity in his hands. The Neustrians looked upon the Austrasian 

 bands as strangers and enemies. When Pepin found that he could 

 dispense with the puppet king, he put him aside with the sanction of 

 Rome. 



Pepin was grateful to the see of Rome, and when Pope Stephen III., 

 Zacli arias' a successor, applied to him for assistance against the Longo- 

 bards, he marched with an army into Italy, defeated Astolphus, and 

 made him promise to give up the Exarchate and Pentapolis to the 

 Roman pontiff. Pepin waged successful wars against the Saxons, the 

 Bavarians, and other German nations ; he defeated the Duke of Aqui- 

 tania, and reunited his duchy to the domains of the crown; he favoured 

 the clergy, and fixed the annual general assemblies of the Frankish 

 nation for the month of May. He died of the dropsy, at St. Denis, 

 in September 768, at fifty-four years of age, in the seventeenth year 

 of bis reign. HU son Charlemagne succeeded him as king of the 

 Franks. 



PEPIN, sou of Louis le Ddbonnairc, and grandson of Charlemagne, 

 was made by his father king of Aquitania in 817. He revolted 

 repeatedly against his father, and died in 838 or 839. The emperor 

 disinherited Pepin's children of their father's kingdom, and gave it to 

 his own son Charles the Bald. 



PEPUSCH, JOHN CHRISTOPHER, an eminent musical theorist 

 and composer, was born in 1667, at Berlin, in which city his father was 

 minister of a Protestant congregation. At the early age of fourteen 

 his talents attracted the notice of the Prussian court, in which he held 

 some appointment till he attained bis thirtieth year, when, being eye- 

 witness of a murderous act of tyranny perpetrated by Frederick I., he 

 resolved to quit the country. He first visited Holland, where he 

 remained upwards of a year ; then proceeded to London, and about 

 1700 was engaged to take the harpsichord at Drury-lane theatre, and, 

 it is supposed, assisted in preparing for the stage ' Thomyris,' as well 



as other operas. At the 8ame time he commenced his inquiries con- 

 cerning the music of the ancients, for which pursuit his knowledge of 

 the learned languages and studious habits highly qualified, him. In 

 these investigations he received no inconsiderable aid from his friend 

 De Moivre, the mathematician. Though he had persuaded himself 

 that the music of the Greeks was far superior to anything that the 

 moderns were capable of producing, yet he did not hesitate to compose 

 much, and was successful; though but one of his many works is known 

 to the present age the cantata, ' See from the silent grove Alexis 

 flies,' which has alwiys been admired by every person of true taste. 



Pepusch was one of the founders of the Academy of Ancient Music 

 in 1710, which was formed on BO judicious a plan that it subsisted 

 upwards of eighty years. In 1712 he, together with Handel, was 

 engaged by the Duke of Chandos (Pope's ' Timon') to compose for the 

 chapel at Cannons. The next year he was admitted by the University 

 of Oxford to the degree of Doctor in Music. In 1724 he was persuaded 

 by Dr. Berkeley to join in the scheme for establishing a college at the 

 Bermudas, and actually embarked for the purpose ; but the ship being 

 wrecked, the project was speedily abandoned. He now entered into 

 the matrimonial state with the celebrated singer Signora Margarita de 

 1'Epine, who brought him a fortune, acquired by her profession, of 

 lO.OOOi. This addition great in those days did not induce him 

 to relax in his pursuits : he selected and adapted, with admirable 

 skill, the music for ' The Beggar's Opera," for which he composed the 

 overture. In 1731 appeared his ' Treatise on Harmony,' which long 

 continued a standard work, and is still read by students who make 

 themselves acquainted with the best writers on the art. In 1737 he 

 was chosen organist of the Charter House, an appointment he solicited 

 chiefly for the sake of the apartments and the learned and agreeable 

 society it afforded. Three years after this he lost his wife ; his only 

 son having died some time before. He now found relief in his studies, 

 to which, and in giving instructions to a few favourite pupils, he 

 devoted himself wholly. In 1746 was read before the Royal Society 

 his account of the ' Ancient Genera,' which appears in volume 44, 

 No. 481, of the 'Philosophical Transactions;' previous to which how- 

 ever he had been elected a Fellow of that learned body. Dr. Pepusch 

 died in 1752, and was buried in the chapel of the Charter House. 



PEPYS, SAMUEL, secretary to the Admiralty iu the reigns of 

 King Charles II. and King James II., was born February 23, 1632, of 

 a family which had some pretensions to gentility, though he himself 

 confesses it had never been "very considerable." His father, John Pepys, 

 was a citizen of London, where he followed the trade of a tailor. We 

 learn from his diary that Pepys passed his boyish days in or near 

 London, and was educated at St. Paul's school, where he continued till 

 1650, early in which year his name occurs as a sizar on the boards of 

 Trinity College, Cambridge. Previously however to his going to reside 

 in that university, March 5, 1650-51, he had removed to Magdalen 

 College. How long he continued at Cambridge, or what were his acade- 

 mical pursuits, we are not informed. In 1655 he married Elizabeth 

 St. Michel, a girl of fifteen. The consequences which might naturally 

 have been expected to attend such an imprudent step were averted 

 by the kindness of a relation, Sir Edward Montagu (afterwards Earl 

 of Sandwich), who gave the young couple an asylum in his family. 

 In 1653 he accompanied Sir Edward Montagu in his expedition to the 

 Sound, and on his return became a clerk in the Exchequer. Through 

 the interest of the Earl of Sandwich however, he was soon nominated 

 clerk of the acts of the navy, and he entered on the duties of his 

 office early in June 1660. This was the commencement of his con- 

 nection with a great national establishment to which his diligence 

 and acuteness were afterwards of the highest service. In this employ- 

 ment he continued till 1673 : and during those great events, the 

 plague, the fire of London, and the Dutch war, the care of the navy 

 in a great measure rested upon him alone. The Duke of York being 

 lord-bigh-admiral, Pepys was by degrees drawn into a close personal 

 connection with him, and as he enjoyed his good opinion, he had also 

 the misfortune to experience some part of the calumnies with which 

 he was loaded during the time of " The Popish Plot." The absence 

 not only of evidence, but even of ground of suspicion, did not prevent 

 Pepys being committed to the Tower (May 1679) on the charge of 

 being an aider and abettor of the plot, and he was for a time removed 

 from the Navy Board. He was afterwards allowed, with Sir Anthony 

 Deaue, who had been committed with him, to find security in 30,000?.; 

 and in February following, upon tlie withdrawal of the deposition 

 against him, was discharged. He was soon replaced in a situation 

 where his skill and experience could not be dispensed with, by the 

 special command of Charles II., and rose afterwards to be secretary 

 of the admiralty, which office he retained till the Revolution. James 

 II. was sitting to Sir Godfrey Knellt-r for a portrait designed as 

 a present to Pepys, when the news of the landing of the Prince 

 of Orange was brought to him. The king commanded the painter 

 to proceed and finish the portrait, that his friend might not be 

 disappointed. 



Upon the accession of William and Mary, Pepys lost his official 

 employments ; but he retired into private life without being followed 

 either by persecution or ill-will. He died May 26, 1703, _and was 

 buried in the church of St. Olave, Hart Street. 



Pepys had an extensive knowledge of naval affairs. He thoroughly 

 understood and practised music ; and he was a judge of painting, 



