I'KREIRA, JONATHAN. 



PEREZ, ANTONIO. 



Uetor or newt of hi* vast empire. Alexander*! wife Roxana was then 

 far advanced in pregnancy, and his other wifo, Stotira, the daughter 

 of Darius, wai supposed to be in the same nutation. In the meantime 

 the Macedonian ceaerab agreed to reoognie a* king, Arrhideua, a 

 natural eon of Philip, a youth of weak intellect*, with the under- 

 standing that, if the child of Kozana should prove a eon, he should be 

 mnriitri in the throne with Arrhidaus. Perdiocej contented hiiu.elf 

 with the oomuiand of the household troop* which guarded the perron 

 of King Arrhiilanu, but in that capacity he was iu reality the guardian 

 of the weak king and the minuter of the whole empire. He distributed 

 among the obi*? generals the government of the various provinces, or 

 rather kingdom*, subject to Alexander's sway: Anti pater had Mace- 

 donia and Greece ; Lysimachus, Thrace ; Eumenea, Paphlagonia and 

 Cappadocia ; Antigonua, the rest of Asia Minor; and Ptolemteus had 

 Egypt. For the distribution of the other provinces see Justinian 

 (xiii. 5). Roxana, being soon after delivered of a son, who was called 

 Alexander, became jralou of Statin, for fear that the child she was 

 pregnant with might prove a rival to her own son ; and in order to 

 remove her apprehensions, Perdiooas did not scruple to put Statira to 

 death. He endeavoured to strengthen himself by an alliance with 

 Antipatar, whose daughter he asked in marriage, while at the some 

 time he was aspiring to the hand of Cleopatra, Alexander's sister. 

 Olympiaa, Alexander's mother, who hated Antipater, favoured this last 

 alliance. Antipater, having discovered this intrigue, refused to give 

 his daughter to Perdiccas, who in the end obtained neither. The 

 oiln r generals, who had become satraps of extensive countries, consi- 

 dered themselves independent, and refused to submit to Perdiccas and 

 his puppet kings. Perdiccas above all fearing Antigonus as the one 

 most likely to thwart his views, sought to destroy him, but Antigonus 

 escaped to Antipater in Macedonia, and represented to htm the neces- 

 sity of uniting against the ambitious views of Perdiccas. Antipater, 

 having just brought to a successful termination a war against the 

 Athenians, prepared to march into Asia, and Ptolemsjus joined the 

 confederacy against Perdiccas. The latter, who was then in Cappadocia 

 with Arrhiditua and Alexander the infant son of Koxana, held a council, 

 in which Antipater, Antigonus, and I'tol.-maeus being declared rebels 

 againit the royal authority, the plan of the campaign against them was 

 arranged. Eumenes, who remained faithful to Perdiccas, was appointed 

 to make bead against Antipater and Autigouus, while Perdiccos, having 

 with him the two kings, marched to attack Ptolemtcus in Egypt. He 

 was however unsuccessful, owing to hia ill-concerted measures : he lost 

 a number of men in crossing a branch of the Nile, and the rest became 

 discontented, and in the end PerdiocM was murdered in his tent, 

 B.C. 321, after holding his power for two years from the death of Alex- 

 ander. Eumenes, who had been more successful against Antipater in 

 Asia Minor, carried on the war for some years, but was at last betrayed 

 bv his own soldiers into the hands of Antigouuj, who put him to death. 

 [EDMENES; ASTIOONUS.) 



PKREIRA, JONATHAN, an eminent physician and pharmaco- 

 logist, was born in the parish of Shoreditch, London, on tho 22nd of 

 May 1604. He received his early education in his native parish, and 

 was distinguished at school for his knowledge of classic*. At the 

 age of fourteen he was apprenticed to Mr. Latham of the City-road, 

 who practised as a surgeon and apothecary. His master having died, 

 he commenced attending on the practice of the Aldersgato-itrect 

 Dispensary in 1821. At this time this dispensary was recognised by 

 the Apothecaries' Society as one of the institutions, the attendance on 

 the practice of which qualified medical students aa candidates for the 

 Apothecaries' licence. The physicians and surgeons of the dispensary 



Kve lectures, which were also recognised by the Society of Apothecaries. 

 1822 Pereira became a pupil of St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and in 

 March 1823 obtained his licence to practise from the examiners of the 

 Society of Apothecaries. He was not nineteen years old, and the 

 facility with which he obtained his licence, indicates very plainly how 

 Mnall an amount of education was required for the medical man at 

 Uiis time. He was shortly after appointed apothecary to the Aiders 

 gate-street Dispensary, and thenceforward his name was connected 

 with the falling fortunes of this at one time somewhat celebrated 

 ohool of medicine. 



On his appointment yonng Pereira at once established himself as 

 a private tutor or "grinder" as teachers of this class wo technically 

 called. In this capacity he ws very efficient, and hii early pobU- 

 - all had reference to the wante of medical student* about 

 themselves for examination. He published an English 

 of the Latin Pharmacopoeia of the London College of 

 . , H *> published a collection of Latin prescriptions 

 entitled ' Selects IVcriptia,' a large number of which have been 

 printed. He devoted much tint* to ohemiitry and published 'A 

 general table of Atomic Numbera.' In 1826 h. became a member of 

 the Royal College of Sargeoni. In 182 he was appointed lecturer 

 in eb.rnistry in the Aldngatotrcet School of Medioine, and sub- 

 sequently he delivered tho coarse of lectures on Materia Medics. 

 These lectures wan the foundation of his great work on Materia 

 Mil* ..d hi. reputation - . t^oologistTTh-e tectur- rt 

 first published in the Medical Oautte, and die matter was subsquently 

 re-arranged and published in two volume* in 1839, under the title 

 Element! of Materia Medica and Therapeutics.' Dr. Pereira's mind 

 WM eminently discursive. Even while lecturing on Chemistry and 



Materia Medioa in Aldengate-atreet he undertook to lecture on 

 chemistry and botany at the London Hospital This fitted him for 

 working successfully at the Materia Medioa, and he produced a work 

 more scientiBo and practical than any which had before been devoted 

 to the prolific subject of medicines and their actions. Up to this 

 time he had practised as a general practitioner ; but his position as 

 lecturer at the London Hospital School of Medicine, prepared the way 

 for his appointment as physician to that institution. He accordingly 

 in 1840 obtained the degree of doctor of medicine from the Univer- 

 sity of Erlangen, and was appointed in the same year assistant 

 physician to the London Hospital He subsequently submitted to the 

 examination of the College of Physicians, and became a London 

 licentiate of that body. He was elected a fellow of the College in 

 1845. In connection with Materia Medioa, Dr. Pereira devoted him- 

 self to the Materia Dietetic*, and in 1842 he published a treatise on 

 'Food and Diet,' which, like his work on Materia Medica, was by far 

 the be.^t that had been published on that subject. 



His works brought Dr. Pereira into considerable note as a physician, 

 and increasing practice compelled him to give up his various lecture- 

 ships. In 1851 he wu appointed full physician to the London Hospital. 

 His great knowledge of Materia Medica pointed him out as the most 

 fitting person to fill the post of examiner at the London University, 

 an office which he held till his death. 



Although Dr. Pereira occupied himself more with compiling and 

 arranging the information obtained from others than with original 

 observation, he nevertheless displayed considerable ability in chemical 

 and physiological research. Ho published a series of ' Lectures on 

 Polarised Light,' and many original papers and observations in the 

 Pharmaceutical and Medical Journals. He took an interest in tho 

 formation of the Pharmaceutical Society, and delivered several courses 

 of lectures on Materia Medica in connection with that Society. He 

 was a Fellow of the Royal and also of the Linntean Society. His 

 death, which occurred in 1853, was sudden, and was thus described : 

 " A few weeks previous to this occurrence he had been to consult 

 Professor Quckett (of tho College of Surgeons, London) on a scientific 

 question, and whilst descending a staircase leading to the Hunterian 

 Museum, mado a false step, fell, and ruptured the rectus femoris 

 muscle of both legs. In all probability at the same time some internal 

 injury was sustained by the heart or larger vessels ; but as only local 

 inconvenience was experienced, no danger was apprehended ; but whilst 

 getting into bed on the 20th of January he felt a violent throb in tho 

 region of the heart, when he became fully aware that a speedy termi- 

 nation of hia life was at hand, and this impression was verified within 

 twenty minutes after." A bust was erected to his memory in the 

 London Hospital by hia friends. 



PEREZ, ANTONIO, was the natural son of Qonzalo Perez, a writer 

 and statesman who had been for forty years sole secretary of state to 

 Charles V. and Philip II. After the death of his father, whom he 

 used to assist in his administrative duties, Antonio was appointed by 

 Philip to succeed him in that charge. At first the conti lunce which 

 his sovereign placed in him, and the favours lavished upon him, seem 

 to have been unbounded ; but he soon experienced the inconstancy 

 of royal favour. John of Austria, an illegitimate son of Charles V., 

 elated with his victories over the revolted Moors of Granada, and still 

 more by the glorious victory of Lepanto (1571), could not rest con- 

 tented with the second place in tho kingdom, and nothing short of a 

 throne would satisfy his ambition. At first he solicited his brother to 

 grant him the kingdom of Tunis, to be held as a fief of the Spanish 

 crown. A marriage with Elizabeth of England, tho sworn enemy of 

 Spain, was also seriously contemplated, and negotiations were carried 

 on to that effect by his secret agents. It has even been surmised that 

 he meditatrd at one time to put himself at the head of tha rebels of 

 Flanders. The soul of these intrigues, as well as the promoter of 

 John's ambitious designs, was his secretary, Juan de Kscovedo, not- 

 withstanding he had been appointed to that office by Philip for the 

 express purpose of counteracting them. No sooner therefore had 

 Kscovedo arrived at court for the purpose of furthering his master's 

 views, than Philip, who was already acquainted with tho whole intrigue, 

 decided upon hia ruin ; but unwilling, from motives of state, to try 

 him by the common forms of law, he committed to Perez the execution 

 of his wishes. Accordingly, and in compliance with Philip's orders, 

 Perez hired some assassins, who murdered Kscovedo in March 

 A few months after the perpetration of this crime, Philip ordered Perez 

 to be arrested at the same time with Dona Ana da Mendoza, prince 

 of Kboli, tho supposed object of tho king's affection ; iu all appearance 

 to yield to the solicitations of Etoovedo s relatives, and the threats of 

 John of Austria, but iu reality from other motives, which, though we 

 may guess at them, are far from bring satisfactorily known. In hia 

 ' Relaciones/ published several years after the tragedy, Perez treated 

 at length of all these events ; but such was his dread of Philip that he 

 always expresses himself in very ambiguous and enigmatic terms, and 

 the whole transaction remains wrapped up in mystery. It has been 

 supposed by some that Perez was imprudent enough to communicate 

 hia secret to tho princess, whom he used to visit without the knowledge 

 of his master, and to hint at the king's implication iu the murder of 

 Esoovtdo ; by others, that Philip was an unsuccessful suitor to the 

 princess, and jealous of tho intimacy of Perez with her. Be this as it 

 may, Perez was delivered into the hands of justice; a pretended 



