777 



PETTIGKEW, THOMAS JOSEPH. 



PFEFFEL, GOTTLIEB CONRAD. 



778 



unpublished. A list of their titles may be seen in Ciaconius, ' Vitse 

 Pontiff! et Cardd.,' torn, ii., p. 213. The most celebrated is a short 

 medical treatise entitled ' Thesaurus Paupenim, seu de Medendis 

 Corporis Human! Morbis per Euporista,' of which there are several 

 editions. It was firet printed in 1476, fol., Antwerp ; the last edition 

 was published in 1577, 16mo, Paris, with a sort of continuation by 

 J. Liebault, entitled ' Thesaurus Saui'atis, Paratu facilis.' A Spanish 

 translation wag published at Valladolid in 1672, and an English one 

 by Humphrey Lloyd, 8vo, London, 1585. It consists of ninety chapters, 

 containing a short account of a great number of diseases, and at the 

 end of each is given a quantity of medical formula! taken from the 

 works of the Greek, Latin, and Arabic physicians, to which is now and 

 then added the word ' expertum.' It is not of much value, and con- 

 tains a great deal that is foolish and superstitious. In the collected 

 edition of the works of Isaac (commonly called ' Isaac Israelita '), fol., 

 Ludg., 1515, there are three treatises by Petrus Hispanus : one entitled 

 ' Commentarium singulare super Librum Dietarum Universalium Isaac,' 

 fol.. xi.-ciii ; the eecond a commentary on Isaac's work, 'De Diietis 

 Particularibus,' fol, ciii-clvi. ; and the third on his work ' De Urinis,' 

 fol., clvi.-cciii. 



PETTIGREW, THOMAS JOSEPH, was the son of an apothe- 

 cary in Fleet-street, London, who placed him at St. Bartholomew's 

 Hospital under the celebrated Abernethy. He became a member of 

 the Royal College of Surgeons in 1812. In early life he obtained 

 the patronage of the Dukes of Kent and Sussex, and obtained the 

 appointment of surgeon to each. He was afterwards appointed his 

 librarian by the Duke of Sussex. In this capacity he published 

 the ' Bibliotheca Sussexiana,' a descriptive catalogue, with historical 

 and biographical notices of the manuscripts and printed books con- 

 tained in the library of H. R. H. the Duke of Sussex. His intro- 

 duction to the library of the Duke of Sussex may be said to have laid 

 the foundation of his antiquarian pursuits. He particularly directed 

 his attention to the history of the Egyptians, especially in connection 

 with the light thrown on it by the examination of the mummies, or 

 embalmed dead of Egypt. He investigated a large number of these 

 personally, and formed a collection of the antiquities of ancieut 

 Egypt. He has given an account of his various researches on this 

 subject in his ' History of Egyptian Mummies, and an account of the 

 worship and embalming of the Sacred Animals ; ' and he has pursued 

 the same subject in big ' Preliminary Essay and Specimen of an 

 intended Encyclopaedia Egyptians.' The antiquities and history of 

 the profession of medicine have also occupied Mr. Pettigrew's atten- 

 tion, and he has written a work on this subject, entitled, ' On 

 Superstitions connected with the History and Practice of Medicine 

 and Surgery.' This work was published in 1844, and contains a 

 variety of curious information on the subject to which it is devoted. 

 Mr. Pettigrew was one of the founders of the British Archaeological 

 Association, of which he is at present the treasurer. He has been one 

 of the most constant attendants at the meetings of this association, 

 and has contributed largely to the interest of its proceedings. He 

 has also contributed extensively to the ' Archseological Journal' 

 published by this association. 



Although so well known as an archaeologist, Mr. Pettigrew has not 

 neglected the cultivation of his profession. Early in his medical 

 career he published his ' Views of the basis of the Brain and Cranium.' 

 He has also published papers on hydrophobia, cholera, and other pro- 

 fessional subjects. He was formerly surgeon to the Charing-cross 

 Hospital, to the Royal Dispensary for Children, and the Asylum for 

 Female Orphans. 



As a literary man Mr. Pettigrew is known by his 'Memoirs of 

 the Life and Writings of Dr. Lettsom ; ' his ' Medical Portrait Gallery, 

 or Biographical Memoirs of the most celebrated Physicians and Sur- 

 geons ; ' and his ' Life of Lord Nelson.' He is a Fellow of the Royal 

 Society, and a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 

 Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Gbttingen, and a member 

 of the Academy of Medicine of Marseille, and other scientific and 

 professional societies in Europe. 



PETTY, SIR WILLIAM, an eminent political economist, was born 

 May 16th, 1623, at Romsey in Hampshire, where his father carried on 

 the business of a clothier. After remaining until the age of fifteen at 

 the grammar-school of his native place, he went to pursue his studies 

 at Caen in Normandy. On his return he is said to have entered the 

 navy, but the time which he spent in this service must have been 

 short, as in 1643 he again visited the Continent, and spent three years 

 in France and the Low Countries. During this interval he studied 

 medicine and anatomy. In 1618 he published a small work, addressed 

 to Mr. Samuel Hartlib, recommending the extension of education to 

 objects connected more immediately with the daily business of life. 

 Soon afterwards he went to Oxford, where the visitors appointed by 

 the parliament bad ejected the royalists, and employed himself in 

 giving instruction in anatomy and chemistry ; in 1649 he was created 

 Doctor of Physic, and elected a Fellow of Brazen-nose College. In 

 1 650 he was appointed to the anatomical professorship in the university. 

 He was an active member of a society instituted in Oxford for the 

 cultivation of natural science, and which was the immediate precursor 

 of the Royal Society. When the Royal Society was established, he 

 was one of the council. In 1652 the period of his good fortune com- 

 menced by his appointment as physician to the army in Ireland, In 



1654 he was employed in that country in the surrey of forfeited 

 estates, a work which he performed with great ability. He was subse- 

 quently engaged as a commissioner in dividing these lands amongst 

 the officers and soldiers of Cromwell's army, when, besides the land 

 allotted to him, he made advantageous purchases. He also acted us 

 secretary to Henry Cromwell, lord-lieutenant of Ireland. He appears 

 however to have been well received by Charles II. at the Restoration, 

 and in 1661 was knighted. Sir William Petty died at hw house in 

 Westminster, December 16th, 1687, and was buried in the church of 

 his native town, where a plain stone marks his grave, with the simple 

 inscription: "Here lyea Sir William Petty." The widow of Sir 

 William Petty was created Baroness Shelburne. He left two sons and 

 a daughter. The eldest son succeeded to the title, but dying without 

 issue, it was revived in Henry, the second son, great uncle of the first 

 Marquis of Lausdowne. 



Sir William Petty was the author of several scientific works and 

 inventions, and various papers on mathematical and chemical subjects 

 in the ' Philosophical Transactions ;' but he is far better known in the 

 present day as a writer upon trade and commerce and political arith- 

 metic. Notwithstanding the great variety of his pursuits, lie had 

 emancipated himself from nearly all the errors and prejudices of his 

 contemporaries. The ' Political Anatomy of Ireland,' one of his best 

 works, contains valuable information respecting the state of Ireland in 

 the latter part of the 17th century, and gives the first comparatively 

 authentic account of the population. Sir William Petty clearly foresaw 

 the advantages of a union of Great Britain aud Ireland, and of a free 

 commercial intercourse between the two countries. The survey of 

 Ireland which he made duriug the Protectorate continues, after the 

 lapse of nearly two centuries, to be a work of reference iu courts of 

 law in matters relating to landed property. His treatise on ' Taxes 

 and Contributions,' published in 16t>7, contains in general sound views 

 on the subjects of finance and revenue; and in this work the doctrine 

 was first clearly stated, though only in an incidental manner, that the 

 labour required for the production of commodities alone determines 

 their value. The 'Political Arithmetic" treats chiefly on the subject 

 of population, particularly with reference to London. His predictions 

 concerning the growth of the metropolis are amusing, and do not 

 exhibit his usual acuteness. At the time when he wrote, he calculated 

 that the population of London doubled itself in 40 years, and that of 

 England in 360 years ; and hence he concluded that the population 

 must reach a stationary point before 1840, at which period it would 

 be ten millions for the metropolis, and also ten millions for the rest of 

 England. " Wherefore (he remarks) it is certain and necessary that 

 the growth of the city must stop before the said year 1840." Sir 

 William Petty published his 'Quantulumcunque' (a treatise on money) 

 in 1682, at which period the question of the monetary circulation was 

 of great interest. He recommended that one metal should be made 

 the uniform measure of value, in which view he was supported by 

 Locke : Sir Isaac Newton proposed both the precious metals. The 

 subject is treated with great ability, but the error of his time is per- 

 ceptible in some of his arguments, which show that he entertained the 

 false notion that there was something about gold and silver distin- 

 guishing them as articles of commerce from all other commodities. 

 In this work he condemned laws regulating the rate of interest, 

 observing that there might as well be laws to regulate the rate of 

 exchange; aud he exposed the prevailing fallacy that a country may 

 be drained of cash by an unfavourable balance of trade. A list of the 

 remainder of Sir William Potty's works is given in Watt's ' Bibliotheca 

 Britannica.' 



PEYER, JEAN-CONRAD, was born at Schaffhausen in 1653. He 

 studied medicine at Basel and at Paris, and having taken the degree 

 of doctor of medicine at the former university, returned to practise at 

 his native town. He held there successively the professorships of 

 eloquence, of logic, and of the physical sciences: but his present 

 reputation is derived chiefly from his having first clearly described the 

 little bodies which are scattered in patches along the end of the small 

 intestines, and which are therefore commonly called Peyer's glands. 

 He died iu 1712. Besides his work on the intestinal glands, Peyer 

 wrote numerous detached papers on morbid anatomy, of which he was 

 one of the most assiduous of the early cultivators, and a few on practical 

 medicine and comparative anatomy. 



PFEFFEL, GOTTLIEB CONRAD, was born Juno 28th, 1736, at 

 Colmar, where his father held an appointment in the office for foreign 

 affairs. His parent dying in 1738, Pfeffel was left entirely to the 

 charge of an excellent mother. At the age of fifteen he was sent to 

 the University of Halle for the purpose of applying himself to the 

 study of jurisprudence; but this plan was entirely frustrated by a 

 severe attack of ophthalmia, which terminated in his total blindness 

 at the age of twenty-one. He married about two years after this 

 misfortune, and at a later period (1773) obtained permission to estab- 

 lish at Colmar a military seminary for the education of Protestant 

 youths, in conducting which he had an able colleague in his friend 

 Hofratli Lerse. Among his pupils, who were chiefly the sons of Swiss 

 families, were many who afterwards distinguished themselves. Tho 

 changes produced by the French Revolution however caused his school 

 to be broken up, and Pfeffel henceforth applied himself entirely to 

 those literary occupations which, notwithstanding his blindness, he 

 had before pursued at intervals. In 1803 he was made president of 



