785 



PHILE3. 



PHILIP II. (OP MACEDON). 



earlier than Menander, and before the 113th Olympiad, that is, B.O. 328. 

 He lived to the age of ninety-six or ninety-seven (Lucian, ' Macrob.,' 

 25), and died in the reign of the second Antigonus, son of Demetrius ; 

 he must consequently have been alive subsequent to B.C. 283. He is 

 said to have written ninety-seven comedies, of which Fabricius, in his 

 ' Bibliotheca Graca ' (vol. ii, p. 476, ed. Harles), has preserved the 

 titles of fifty-three. Of these comedies, fragments only have come 

 down to us, which are usually published with those of Menander. It 

 seems possible that some of these plays may exist ; at least there is 

 evidence that some if not all of them were in existence in the 17th 

 century. 



Philemon was the great rival of Menander, and was considered 

 superior to him by many of their contemporaries ; but posterity, as 

 Quintilian informs us (' Inst. Orat.,' x. I, p. 222, ed. I ipont), regarded 

 him as inferior to Menander. From the 'Mercator' of Plautus, and 

 the fragments which remain of his plays, Philemon appears to have 

 closely resembled Menander, of whose style, and of the new comedy in 

 general, an account is given under MENAXDER. 



The son of Philemon is also said to have written comedies. (' Athen.,' 

 vii., p. 291, E.) Suidas says that they were fifty-four in number. 



There is extant a grammatical work entitled ' Lexicon Techno- 

 logicon," written by a grammarian of the name of Philemon, who pro- 

 bably lived in the 12th century of the Christian era. This work is 

 divided into eight booka, according to the eight parts of speech, which 

 are respectively treated of in each book. The Greek text was first 

 published by Burney, 8vo, London, 1812 ; but a more accurate edition, 

 with valuable notes, was published by Oeann, Berlin, 1821. 



PHILES or PHILE (MANUEL), (Movoi^A. *iA>)s, or *i\ii), a native 

 of Epheaus, to be distinguished (according to Fabricius, ' Bibl. Gr.') 

 from four other persons bearing the same surname. As his work is 

 dedicated to the Emperor Michael Palaeologus the younger, he must 

 have lived about the beginning of the 14th century. He was born of 

 poor parents, came at an early age to Constantinople, became one of 

 the pupils of George Pachymer, and made great progress in literature. 

 He afterwards gave ofleuco to the emperor by some expressions made 

 use of by him in one of his worku, called ' Chrouographia,' which is no 

 longer extant, and was thrown into prison. He is supposed to have 

 died somewhere about the year 1340. He is known chiefly as the 

 author of a work, Tltpl wiav iJioi-jjToj, ' De Animalium Proprietate," 

 written in a sort of barbarous Greek iambics, called ' versus politioi.' 

 It is a curious work, but of little or no value to a zoologist, taken 

 almost entirely from ^Elian's ' Natural History,' and full of the most 

 absurd fables. It was first published at Venice, 1533, 8vo, Grajce, by 

 Areenius, archbishop of Monembasia (a town on the east coist of 

 Lacouia, now called Napoli di Malvasia). An edition was published 

 at Leipzig, 1574, 4to, (or, with a fresh title-page, Heidelb., 1596), Gr. 

 nnd Lat., by Bersmann, in which the Greek text was altered in a very 

 arbitrary manner by Camerarius, who had persuaded himself that the 

 numerous false quantities that he found in the verses were merely the 

 mistakes of the transcribers. I. Corn, de Pauw's edition, Traj. ad 

 Ulieu., 1730, 4to, Gr. and Lat., is augmented by some fragments taken 

 from a manuscript in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, which Fabricius 

 had before inserted in his ' Biblioth. Graca:' it is not very highly 

 esteemed, and was severely criticised by D'Orville in the sixth volume 

 of liurmann s ' Observationes Miscellanea:.' 



An edition of the other poems of Philes (some of which had been 

 inserted by Fabricius in his ' Bibl. Gr.') was published, Lips. 1768, 8vo, 

 Gr. and Lat, by Wernsdorf, with notes and an excellent preliminary 

 dissertation on the life and works of Philes. The longest poem in the 

 volume is one of nearly a thousand lines, written in the same barbarous 

 kind of verte, in the form of a dialogue between the author and the 

 city of Constantinople, which he designates by the name NoDs, ' mens.' 

 It is composed in praise of Joannes Cantacuzenus, who was afterwards 

 emperor. The other poems consist of epigrams and various shorter 

 pieces, together with one of nearly four hundred verses on the 

 ' Elephant,' addressed to an emperor named Leo, which (as no emperor 

 of that name was contemporary with Philes) probably belongs to some 

 other person. Two other short poems, in the same metre as the rest, 

 are to be found in the first volume of Cramer's ' Anecdota Gncca 

 Parisiensia,' p. 43, 8vo, Oxon, 1839. Wernsdorf gives, in his 'Pre- 

 liminary Dissertation,' a list of several works by Philes which still 

 remain unedited in various libraries of Europe. 



PHILE'TAS, a grammarian and poet of the island of Cos, who, 

 according to Suidas, flourished in the times of Philip and Alexander 

 the Great, and was preceptor to Ptolemy Philadelphus : Clinton places 

 his death about B.C. 290. He wrote epigrams, elegies, and other poems, 

 and died of emaciation brought on by excessive study. (Suidas, 

 ' Lexicon.') Fragments of Philetas and two other poets were edited 

 by Bach, 8vo, Halle, 1829 ; they are also included in the editions of 

 the 'Jreek 'Anthology.' 



PHILIDOK, ANDHK, a French dramatic composer of eminence in 

 hi* day, but better known out of his own country as a most distin- 

 guished and unrivalled chess-player, was born at Dreux in 1726. His 

 grandfather was musician-in-ordinary to Louis XIII. : bin father held 

 the same office ; nnd his uncle established in 1726 the famous Coneert- 

 SpiritueL Andr<5 was admitted at tho usual early age as a page, or 

 chorister, in the chapel of Louis XV., and studied under Cauipra, 

 Mltre de la Chapelle. In 1737, when he had only completed Hi 



BIOO. I>1V. VOL. IV. 



eleventh year, he produced a motet for a full choir, for which the 

 Grand Mouarque deigned to thank him ; but it does not appear that 

 this condescension was followed by any acknowledgment of a more 

 solid kind, for after quitting the chapel on his voice changing he 

 subsisted for some time by copying music and giving a few lessons. 

 But all his vacant hours, and these were many, he devoted to the 

 game of chess, in which his proficiency was so great that he sought to 

 profit by his skill, and in 1745 commenced a tour in Holland, Germany, 

 and England. This also enabled him to improve his knowledge and 

 taste in music, by hearing the best works of the great masters. He 

 tried his strength as a composer in London in 1753 by setting 

 Congreve's ' Ode to Harmony,' which Handel heard, who approved 

 his choruses, but thought him defective in melody. Chess however 

 had occupied more of his thoughts than his avowed profession, and 

 he had previously, in 1749, published his ' Analysis of the Game of 

 Chess,' for which he obtained a great list of subscribers, and his repu- 

 tation was established. This work gives several games, with notes 

 explaining the reasons for the moves ; and thus it was by far the most 

 useful book of any then published for those who study chess. 



In 1754 he returned to Paris, and devoted himself wholly to his 

 profession. He composed some sacred music, which the king thought 

 too much in the Italian style, and thus his effort to obtain the appoint- 

 ment of Maitre de la Chapelle was frustrated. Four years after this 

 he turned his attention to dramatic music, and produced at the Opera- 

 Comique many works, most of which proved eminently successful. 

 The author of the ' Dictionnaire des Musiciens ' considers him to have 

 been, together with Duni and Monsigny, the joint father of the Opera- 

 Comique ; but adds that, though he was a profound harmonist, he 

 was not BO happy in melody. 



In 1777 Philidor reprinted his treatise on chess, considerably aug- 

 mented. In 1779 he produced at Freemasons' Hall, in London, the 

 'Carmen Seculare' of Horace, set to music, consisting of airs, choruses, 

 &e. This was published in 1788, in a splendid volume in score, 

 dedicated to Catharine of Russia. It was again performed, under tho 

 composer's direction, in 1788, at an entertainment of a mixed kind 

 given by the Knights of the Bath at tho Pantheon. From that period 

 Philidor seems to have passed much of his time iu London, chiefly 

 occupied by the game of chess, at which he played at Parsloe's Club 

 in St. James's-street, where, we believe, persons were admitted to 

 witness his exploits on the payment of a small fee. It was there he 

 exhibited his marvellous powers by playing three games, against 

 different adversaries at different boards, all at the same time : and 

 only two mouths before his decease he played two games, blindfolded, 

 simultaneously, against very expert players, and was victorious. 



His health now rapidly declining, he applied for a passport to return 

 to his native country, but was refused, having been, most unjustly, 

 proscribed by the French government as a suspected person. This 

 affected him deeply ; his grief admitted of no alleviation ; and he died 

 in London in 1795. Philidor was a very worthy and amiable man; 

 but it was the generally-received opinion that his mental powers were 

 iilmo-t exclusively confined to music and chess. 



PHILI'NUS, a Greek physician, born in the island of Co?, was ono 

 of the pupils of Herophilus, and (according to Galen, ' Introduct.') the 

 founder of the sect of the Empirici. He lived somewhere about tho 

 year B.C. 250 (01. 132, 3), wrote a work on botany (Atheu., 'Deipnos.,' 

 lib. xv., sec. 28, pp. 681, 682), which is probably the work quottd by 

 Pliny (' Hist. Nat,' lib. xx., cap. 91), and some commentaries on the 

 aphorisms of Hippocrates, neither of which works is now extant. With 

 respect to the system of the Empirici, the rejection of anatomy, 

 physiology, and pathology as useless studies, would of course, at least 

 in the opinion of modern physicians, prevent their ever attaining any 

 higher rank than that of clever experimentalists; but still it must not 

 be denied that Materia Medica is indebted to thorn for the discovery 

 of the properties of many valuable drugs. 



PHILIP, the name of several kings of Macedonia, of whom two 

 deserve particular notice. 



PHILIP II., a younger sou of Amyntas, succeeded (n.c. 359) at the 

 age of twenty-three years to a throne which, since the death of his 

 father, and during the reigns of his two elder brothers, Alexander and 

 Perdiccas, had been shaken to its foundation by foreign invasion and 

 civil war. Fortunately for the independence of his kingdom, the 

 young monarch was endowed with talents and energies of the highest 

 order ; and a residence during his boyhood at Thebes, whither he had 

 been sent as a hostage in tho tnst days of the republic, while the cele- 

 brated Pelopidas and Epaminondas were in power, had obtained for 

 him all the advantages of a liberal Grecian education. On his accession 

 to the throne, his inheritance was overrun by tho victorious Illy rians, 

 who had defeated and slain his brother Perdiccas ; his own title was 

 disputed by two pretenders to the crown ; and the people of Macedonia 

 were dispirited by accumulated national calamities. But his courage 

 and eloquence revived the hopes of his subjects ; and his military skill 

 and activity soon inspired them with confidence. \\ hile these quali- 

 ties were successfully exerted in the field, negociations and bribes were 

 as artfully employed to induce the supporters of the rival claimants to 

 abandon their cause ; and Philip finally not only repelled the Illyrian 

 and Pteonian invaders of his country, but penetrated in turn into their 

 territory, and extended his own dominions at their expense. He sub- 

 sequently further strengthened himself by a marriage with 



