PHILIPPE VI. (OF FRANCE). 



PHILIPPUS, M. JULIUS. 



802 



deliverance of Jerusalem was reserved not for the high-born and noble, 

 but for the meek and lowly. They soon became disorderly, and per- 

 petrated the most merciless outrages on the Jews, until they were put 

 down by force, or died of famine and disease. The most fearful 

 severities were exercised against those of them who were taken. In 

 1321 a dreadful persecution was directed against those afflicted with 

 leprosy (a disease which the crusaders had brought from the East), on 

 a charge of having poisoned the wells ; and also against the Jews, 

 on a charge of having instigated them. A hundred and sixty Jews of 

 both sexes were burnt in one fire at Cbinon near Tours ; others were 

 banished and their goods confiscated. It was while engaged in these 

 cruel proceedings that Philippe le Long died, January 3, 1322, at 

 Longchamps near Paris, after a reign of rather more than five years. 

 Ho left four daughters ; but the Salic law excluded them from the 

 throne, and he was succeeded by his brother Charles IV., or Charles 

 leBel. 



PHILIPPE VI., or, as he is usually called, PHILIPPE DE 

 VALOIS, succeeded to the throne shortly after the death of Charles 

 le Bel (1328), and was the first king of the collateral branch of Valois. 

 He was sou of Charles, count of Valois, a younger son of Philippe III. 

 le Hardi, and cousin to Louis X. le Hutin, Philippe le Long, and 

 Charles le Bel, who successively wore the crown. In the reign of 

 Philippe le Long he had headed an expedition of the nobles and 

 gentry of France to overthrow some chieftains of the Ghibelin party in 

 Lombardy. His presumption and incapacity involved him in diffi- 

 culties, from which he was relieved only by the policy or generosity of 

 his opponents, who allowed him to retire with his army into 

 France (1320). 



Charles le Bel died February 1, 1328, and left no male heirs ; but 

 his widow was pregnant, and the nobles of the kingdom determined 

 to wait the result of her confinement ; and in the meantime the 

 sovereign power, with the title of regent, was confided to Philippe de 

 Valois. When the queen was delivered of a daughter (April 1), the 

 right of succession was far from clear. Ajl the doctors of civil and 

 canon law agreed that women were excluded from the succession ; but 

 they were divided on the question whether a woman, being dis- 

 qualified merely by eex, might transmit a right to her descendants, 

 jn.-t as a lunatic or an idiot might be supposed to do; or whether the 

 disqualification affected not only the woman herself, but all who might 

 otherwise have derived a claim through her. But however the 

 lawyers might agree as to the exclusion of females, the operation of 

 the Salic law had been too recent, and too obviously the result (in 

 part at least) of the superior power of the male claimant, to be entirely 

 ctory to the public mind, or to those whose interests were con- 

 cerned in the dispute; and Philippe, count of Evreux, who had 

 married the daughter and heiress of Louis le Hutin, and was, in right 

 of his wife, the nearest in direct succession, might have been a 

 powerful rival, had he not readily exchanged a right of so doubtful a 

 character for the peaceful possession of the throne of Navarre. The 

 daughters of Philippe le Long and Charles le Bel, all yet in childhood, 

 wanted either the inclination or the power to advance their claims 

 against so formidable a competitor as Philippe of Valois; and 

 Edward I If. of England, who was next in succession, as being son of 

 Isnbclle, sister of the last three kings, was as yet also a minor, and too 

 closely beset with difficulties at home to think of serious measures to 

 vindicate his claim. The power therefore of Philippe as regent, his 

 mature age, his large hereditary possessions, and bU popular character, 

 added to the plausibility of his claim, as the nearest male heir claiming 

 through male ancestors, enabled him quietly to ascend the throne. 

 He was crowned at Reims, May 29, 1328. Isabelle, in the name of 

 her son Edward III., protested against this invasion of his rights ; but 

 as Edward did homage to Philippe the next year for Guienne, he may 

 bo considered as having renounced his claim, which would probably 

 never have been revived but for subsequent events. 



The first important enterprise of Philippe after his coronation was 

 an expedition into Flanders, to put down the burghers of the great 

 , who had revolted against their count The Flemings surprised 

 him in his camp at Cassel, but were defeated with great slaughter 

 (August 23, 1323), and Philippe returned to France with all the glory 

 of victory. The early years of his reign were also occupied in regulat- 

 ing the coinage by successive edicts, in settling the boundaries of the 

 civil and ecclesiastical jurisdictions, and in determining the succession 

 to the county of Artois, to the exclusion of Robert, count of 

 Beaumont, more familiarly 'known as Robert of Artois, and in favour 

 of his aunt Mahaut, who had usurped the county in his minority, and 

 had been confirmed in possession by the parliament of Paris, 

 influenced by the king Philippe le Bel. Robert subsequently retired 

 into England (1333), and instigated Edward III. to renew his claim to 

 the French throne. 



A crusade against the Moors of Granada was a favourite project of 

 Philippe ; but the concessions which he demanded of the pope, as the 

 price of bis services in this affair, were too exorbitant, and the project 

 failed. He also sent assistance to David Bruce, king of Scotland, 

 against Edward III., and afforded him a refugo at his court : these 

 measures, and disputes which arose in Guienne, tended to hasten the 

 approaching rupture between France and England. He renewed his 

 project of a crusade, and visited the pope, Benedict XII., at Avignon 

 in 133<">, l>ut the project never took effect: and he endeavoured to 



MOO. i>iv. vor,. iv. 



obtain by exchange possession of the duchy of Bretagne ; but this 

 plan also failed. At length in 1337 war between Edward III. and 

 Philippe broke out. Edward assumed the title of king of France, 

 and formed an alliance with the Flemish burghers, at that time 

 under the influence of James Arteveld of Ghent. His fleet took and 

 destroyed Cadsand in 1337, and he made two fruitless campaigns on 

 the side of Flanders (1338, 1339). In 1340, the French, first under 

 Jean, son of Philippe de Valois, and then under the king in person, 

 attacked Hainault, the count of which was in alliance with Edward ; 

 but the defeat of the French fleet at Sluys (June 24), induced Philippe 

 to retire ; and after some other hostilities, an armistice of six months 

 was concluded. 



It is unnecessary here to particularise the incidents of the struggle 

 which was carried on, both in Bretagne, where Edward and Philippe 

 engaged as auxiliaries [EDWAKD III.], and in other parts. In the 

 course of it, Philippe sought to obtain money by depreciating the 

 coinage, and by establishing the gabelle, or government monopoly of 

 salt (1343). Some regulations were issued (1344) in order to revive 

 commerce and regulate the administration of justice, the last almost 

 the only acts of his reign that were really useful. He arrested the 

 Lombard and other Italian merchants in his dominions, and confiscated 

 their goods (1347). The latter years of his reign were as unfortunate 

 as his measures were unjust. He sustained a great defeat at Crdcy in 

 1346 ; lost Calais, the key of his kingdom on the side of England in 

 1347; and was unsuccessful on the side of Guienne and Poitou in 

 1345, and 1347. A dreadful pestilence, which swept away a third 

 part of his subjects in 1348, filled up the measure of his adversity. 

 The acquisition of the district of Viennois, ceded to him by the 

 dauphin or lord of that country, was a poor counterbalance to these 

 calamities. 



The death of Philippe was owing to debility, the result of an 

 unseasonable marriage with the princess Blanche of Navarre, a girl of 

 eighteen, who had been promised to Jean, Philippe's eldest sou. 

 During Jean's absence, the king married her himself. He died at 

 Nogentle-Roi, near Chartres, August 22, 1350, the fifty-seventh year 

 of his age, and the twenty-third of his reign. [BouRGOONE.] 



PHILI'PPIDES of Athens, a poet, and a writer of the new comedy, 

 flourished about B.C. 335. He wrote forty-five plays, of which the 

 titles of twelve are mentioned by ancient authors. He died of joy at 

 an advanced age, after he had obtained a prize which he did not 

 expect. (Suidas, 'Lexicon;' Fabricius, 'Bibl. Graca.') Some frag- 

 ments of Philippides have been collected by Hertelius and Grotius. 



PHILIPPUS was the name assumed by the impostor Andriscus, 

 who, by pretending to be the son of King Perseus, induced the Mace- 

 donians to acknowledge him as their king, and met with BO much 

 success as to defeat one of the Roman officers. But he was ultimately 

 driven out of Macedon by Q. Ciucilius Metellus, and given up to the 

 Romans by a Thracian prince with whom he had taken refuge. 



PHILIPPUS, M. JULIUS, a native of Bostra in Trachonitis, 

 according to some authorities, after serving with distinction in the 

 Roman armies, was promoted by the later Gordianus to the command 

 of the imperial guards after the death of Misitheus, A.D. 243. [Qon- 

 DIANDS ; MARCUS ANTONINUS Pius.] In the following year ho accom- 

 panied Gordianus in his expedition into Persia, when he contrived ti> 

 excite a. mutiny among the soldiers, by complaining that the emperor 

 was too young to lead an army in such a difficult undertaking. Tho 

 mutineers obliged Gordianus to acknowledge Philippus as his col- 

 league ; and in a short time, Philippus wishiug to reign alone, caused 

 Gordianus to be murdered. In a letter to the senate, ho ascribed the 

 death of Gordianus to illness, and the senate acknowledged him as 

 emperor. Having made peace with the Persians, he led tho army 

 back into Syria, and arrived at Autioch for the Easter solemnities. 

 Eusebius, who with other Christian writers, maintains that Philippus 

 was a Chriatian, states as a report that he went with his wife to attend 

 the Christian worship at Antioch, but that Babila, bishop of that city, 

 refused to permit him to enter the church, as being guilty of murder, 

 upon which Philippus acknowledged his guilt, and placed himself in 

 the ranks of tho penitents. This circumstance is also stated by John 

 Chrysostom. From Antioeh, Philippus came to Rome, and the follow- 

 ing year, 245, assumed the consulship with T. F. Titianus, and 

 marched against the Carpi, who had invaded Meesia, and defeated 

 them. In 247 Philippus was again consul, with his son of the same 

 name as himself, and their consulship was continued to the following 

 year, when Philippus celebrated with great splendour the thousandth 

 anniversary of the building of Rome. An immense number of wild 

 beasts were brought forth and slaughtered in the amphitheatres and 

 circus. In the next, under the consulship of yEmilianus and Aqui- 

 linus, a revolt broke out among the legions on the Danube, who 

 proclaimed emperor a centurion named Carvilius Marinua, whom how- 

 ever the soldiers killed shortly after. Philippus, alarmed at the stato 

 of those provinces, sent thither Decius as commander, but Decius had 

 no sooner arrived at his post than the soldiers proclaimed him 

 emperor. Philippus marched against Decius, leaving his son at Home. 

 The two armies met near Verona, whero 1'hilippus was defeated and 

 killed, as some say by his owu troops. On the news reaching Rome, 

 the prsctorians killed his son also, and Decius was acknowledged 

 emperor in 249. Eutropius states that both Philippi, father and son, 

 were numbered among the gods. It is doubtful whether Philippus 



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